ÍæÇÔí

topic ÇáãÞÏãÉ
topic ÇáÝÕÜá 1
topic ÇáÝÕÜá 2
topic ÇáÝÕÜá 3
topic ÇáÝÕÜá 4
topic ÇáÝÕÜá 5
topic ÇáÝÕÜá 6
 

ÇáãÞÏãÜÉ

1- ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ. 1995. ÇáÓßÇä æÇáÊäãíÉ¡ ÇáãÌáÏ 1: ÈÑäÇãÌ ÇáÚãá ÇáãÚÊãÏ Ýí ÇáãÄÊãÑ ÇáÏæáí ááÓßÇä æÇáÊäãíÉ: ÇáÞÇåÑÉ: 5-13 Ãíáæá/ÓÈÊãÈÑ 1994¡ ÇáÝÞÑÉ 9-14¡ äíæíæÑß: ÅÏÇÑÉ ÇáãÚáæãÇÊ ÇáÇÞÊÕÇÏíÉ æÇáÇÌÊãÇÚíÉ æÊÍáíá ÇáÓíÇÓÇÊ¡ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ.
2- ãÔÑæÚ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ááÃáÝíÉ. 2005. ÇáÇÓÊËãÇÑ Ýí ÇáÊäãíÉ: ÎØÉ ÚãáíÉ áÊÍÞíÞ ÇáÃåÏÇÝ ÇáÅäãÇÆíÉ ááÃáÝíÉ¡ Õ xix. ÊÞÑíÑ ãÞÏã Åáì ÇáÃãíä ÇáÚÇã ááÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ.London and Sterling, Virginia: Earthscan.
3- ÇäÙÑ: ãæÆá ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ. 2006. ÍÇáÉ ãÏä ÇáÚÇáã 2006Ù2007: ÇáÃåÏÇÝ ÇáÅäãÇÆíÉ ááÃáÝíÉ æÇáÇÓÊÏÇãÉ ÇáÍÖÑíÉ. áäÏä: Earthscan. æÚáÇæÉ Úáì Ðáß¡ íÞÏã ÃÍÏË ÊÞÑíÑ Óäæí áãäÙãÉ ÇáãÑÇÞÈÉ ÇáÚÇáãíÉ Worldwatch ÊÕæíÑÇð ÞíãÇð ááãÔÇßá ÇáÍÖÑíÉ ÇáÑÆíÓíÉ ÝÖáÇð Úä ÚÏÏ ãä ÇáäõåõÌ ÇáæÇÚÏÉ. (ÇäÙÑ: ãÚåÏ Worldwatch. 2007. ÍÇáÉ ÇáÚÇáã 2007: ãÓÊÞÈáäÇ ÇáÍÖÑí. äíæíæÑß æáäÏä: W. W. Norton and Company).

ÇáÝÕá 1

1- ãÞÊØÝ ãåÏì ãä: .Anderson Literary Management, Inc.13 ÊÔÑíä ÇáËÇäí/äæÝãÈÑ 2006. “The Megacity,” copyright 2006 © by George Packer. The New Yorker 82(37): 64.
2- ÕäÏæÞ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ááÓßÇä. 1996. ÍÇáÉ ÓßÇä ÇáÚÇáã 1996: ÊÛííÑ ÇáÃãÇßä: ÇáÓßÇä æÇáÊäãíÉ æÇáãÓÊÞÈá ÇáÍÖÑí¡ Õ 1. äíæíæÑß: ÕäÏæÞ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ááÓßÇä.
3- íÓÊäÏ åÐÇ ÇáÊÇÑíÎ Åáì ÃÍÏË ÊÞÏíÑ ááÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ . æãÇ áã íõÐßÑ ÎáÇá Ðáß¡ ÊÓÊäÏ ÇáÈíÇäÇÊ ÌãíÚåÇ ÇáÊí ÊÔíÑ Åáì ÊÍáíáÇÊ ÇÊÌÇåÇÊ ÇáÊÍÖÑ ÇáæÇÑÏÉ Ýí åÐÇ ÇáÊÞÑíÑ Åáì: ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ. 2006. ÊæÞÚÇÊ ÇáÊÍÖÑ Ýí ÇáÚÇáã: ÊäÞíÍ ÚÇã 2005. äíæíæÑß: ÔÚÈÉ ÇáÓßÇä¡ ÅÏÇÑÉ ÇáÔÄæä ÇáÇÞÊÕÇÏíÉ æÇáÇÌÊãÇÚíÉ¡ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ.
4- ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ. 1995. ÇáÓßÇä æÇáÊäãíÉ¡ ÇáãÌáÏ 1: ÈÑäÇãÌ ÇáÚãá ÇáãÚÊãÏ Ýí ÇáãÄÊãÑ ÇáÏæáí ááÓßÇä æÇáÊäãíÉ: ÇáÞÇåÑÉ: 5-13 Ãíáæá/ÓÈÊãÈÑ 1994¡ ÇáÞÓã 9-1¡ äíæíæÑß: ÅÏÇÑÉ ÇáãÚáæãÇÊ ÇáÇÞÊÕÇÏíÉ æÇáÇÌÊãÇÚíÉ æÊÍáíá ÇáÓíÇÓÇÊ¡ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ.
5- ãÔÑæÚ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ááÃáÝíÉ. 2005. ãäÒá Ýí ÇáãÏíäÉ. ÝÑÞÉ ÇáÚãá ÇáãÚäíÉ ÈÊÍÓíä ÍíÇÉ ÓßÇä ÇáÚÔæÇÆíÇÊ ÇáÝÞíÑÉ: London and Sterling, Virginia: Earthscan .
6- äõæÞÔÊ ÈÇÓÊÝÇÖÉ Ýí ÇáãÄáÝÇÊ ÇáãÎÊáÝÉ ÎÕÇÆÕ ÞÇÚÏÉ ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ æÃæÌå ÇáÞÕæÑ ÝíåÇ. æãä Ðáß ãËáÇð: Montgomery, M. R.¡ æÂÎÑæä¡ ÇáÝÑíÞ ÇáãÚäí ÈÇáÚæÇãá ÇáÏíäÇãíÉ ÇáÍÖÑíÉ¡ ÇáãÌáÓ ÇáÞæãí ááÈÍæË (ÇáãÍÑÑæä). 2003. Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World¡ ÇáÕÝÍÇÊ 128-153. æÇÔäØä¡ ÇáÚÇÕãÉ: ãØÈÚÉ ÇáÃßÇÏíãíÇÊ ÇáÞæãíɺ æSatterthwaite, D. 2005.The Scale of Urban Change Worldwide 1950-2000 and Its Underpinnings. æÑÞÉ ãäÇÞÔÉ ÈÔÃä ÇáãÓÊæØäÇÊ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ. ÇáÑÞã Urban 01. áäÏä: ÇáãÚåÏ ÇáÏæáí ááÈíÆÉ æÇáÊäãíÉ.
7- Satterthwaite, D. 2006. Outside the Large Cities: The Demographic Importance of Small Urban Centres and Large Villages in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Õ 1. æÑÞÉ ãäÇÞÔÉ ÈÔÃä ÇáãÓÊæØäÇÊ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ. ÇáÑÞã Urban03. áäÏä: ÇáãÚåÏ ÇáÏæáí ááÈíÆÉ æÇáÊäãíÉ.
8- Cohen, B. 2006. “Urbanization in Developing Countries: Current Trends, Future Projections, and Key Challenges for Sustainability.” Technology in Society 28(1-2): 63-80.
9- ÊÓÊäÏ ÇáÇÊÌÇåÇÊ ÇáÊí ÊÑÏ ãäÇÞÔÊåÇ åäÇ Åáì ÇáÊÞÏíÑÇÊ æÇáÅÓÞÇØÇÊ ÇáÑÓãíÉ ááÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ. (ÇäÙÑ: ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ 2006). æãä Çáãåã ÇáÊÔÏíÏ Úáì Ãä åÐå ÇáÅÓÞÇØÇÊ áíÓÊ ÊßåäÇÊ. ÝÇáÇÊÌÇåÇÊ ÇáãÚÑæÖÉ Ýí åÐÇ ÇáÞÓã ÊÓÊäÏ ÈæÌå ÚÇã Åáì ÃÏáÉ ãÇÏíÉ¡ æáßä ãÓÊæíÇÊåÇ ÇáÝÚáíÉ ÞÏ ÊÊÝÇæÊ. æãä Çáããßä Ãä ÊÛíÑ ÚæÇãá ßËíÑÉ ãÓÇÑ Çáäãæ ÇáÍÖÑí ÈãÑæÑ ÇáæÞÊ. æíÊÖÍ ãä ÇÓÊÚÑÇÖÇÊ ÇáÅÓÞÇØÇÊ ÇáÎÇÕÉ ÈÇáÚÞæÏ ÇáÃÎíÑÉ ÃäåÇ ßÇäÊ Êãíá Åáì ÊÕæíÑ Çáäãæ ÇáÍÖÑí ÈÃßÈÑ ãä ÍÌãå ÇáÍÞíÞí¡ æÈÎÇÕÉ Ýí ÇáãÏä ÇáßÈíÑÉ. æíÑÍÈ ãÚÙã æÇÖÚí ÇáÓíÇÓÇÊ ÈÎÝÖ ãÚÏá Çáäãæ ÇáÍÖÑí ãÓÊÞÈáÇð. æÊÑÏ Ýí ÇáÝÕá 6 ãäÇÞÔÉ áÂáíÇÊ ÍÏæË åÐÇ ÇáÇäÎÝÇÖ ÇáãÍÊãá.
10- Satterthwaite 2005.
11- “In most cases, high growth rates are an indicator of success rather than failure and most of the world’s largest cities are located in countries with the world’s largest economies.” — Cohen 2006, p. 69.
12- ãä ÇáäÇÍíÉ ÇáÃÎÑì¡ ÍÊì ãÚÏá Çáäãæ ÇáãÊæÇÖÚ Ýí ãÏíäÉ ßÈíÑÉ íãßä Ãä íÚäí ÍÏæË ÒíÇÏÉ ãØáÞÉ ßÈíÑÉ Ýí ÚÏÏ ÓßÇäåÇ. ÝãËáÇð¡ Óíßæä ãÚäì ÍÏæË ÒíÇÏÉ ÓäæíÉ ÞÏÑåÇ 2 Ýí ÇáãÇÆÉ Ýí ÚÏÏ ÓßÇä ãÏíäÉ ãæãÈÇí ÒíÇÏÉ ÃßÈÑ ßËíÑÇð Ýí ÚÏÏ ÇáãÊÍÖÑíä ãä ÇáÒíÇÏÉ ÇáÓäæíÉ ÇáÈÇáÛì 10 Ýí ÇáãÇÆÉ ÇáÊí ÊÍÏË Ýí ãÏíäÉ ÃÕÛÑ.
13- “We cannot recall a case in which a small city was the focus of an editorial lamenting rapid urban growth or the lack of public services. Nevertheless, the combined size of such cities makes them very significant presences in developing countries.” — Montgomery, M. R., ¡ æÂÎÑæä¡ ÇáÝÑíÞ ÇáãÚäí ÈÇáÚæÇãá ÇáÏíäÇãíÉ ÇáÍÖÑíÉ¡ ÇáãÌáÓ ÇáÞæãí ááÈÍæË (ÇáãÍÑÑæä). 2003¡ Õ 15.
14- ãÑßÒ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ááãÓÊæØäÇÊ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ (ÇáãæÆá). 2000. ÇáãÑÃÉ æÇáÍßã ÇáÍÖÑí¡ Õ 3. ÓáÓáÉ ÍæÇÑÇÊ ÇáÓíÇÓÇÊ. ÇáÑÞã 1. äíÑæÈí: ãÑßÒ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ááãÓÊæØäÇÊ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ (ÇáãæÆá).
15- “Globalization has allowed individual cities to break away from the fate of their national economies. Increasingly success or failure depends on the ability of municipal governments to capitalize on the assets of the local environment and to provide the modern infrastructure, enabling environment, and low-wage, flexible workforce demanded by modern businesses.” — Cohen, B. 2004. “Urban Growth in Developing Countries: A Review of Current Trends and a Caution regarding Existing Forecasts,” p. 37. World Development 32(1): 23-51.
16- íãßä Ãä íÄÏí ÇäÚÏÇã æÝæÑÇÊ ÇáÍÌã ÇáÊí ÊäÌã Úä ÇáÊÌãÚ ÇáÓßÇäí æÇáßËÇÝÉ ÇáÓßÇäíÉ æÇáÊáæË ÇáÈíÆí æãÔÇßá ÇáÚãá æÇáÇãÊÏÇÏ ÇáÇÞÊÕÇÏí ááãÑßÒ ÇáãÓíØÑ Åáì ÎÝÖ ãÒÇíÇ ÇáãÏä ÇáßÈíÑÉ. ÝÃæÌå ÇáÊÞÏã Ýí ãÌÇá ÇáÇÊÕÇáÇÊ ÇáÓáßíÉ æÇááÇÓáßíÉ æÇáäÞá æÊßäæáæÌíÇÊ ÇáÅäÊÇÌ ÇáäÇÌãÉ Úä ÇáÚæáãÉ íãßä Ãä Êßæä Ýí ÕÇáÍ ÚÏã ÇáÊÑßÒ Ýí ÇáãÏä ÇáÑÆíÓíÉ. æÞÏ ÊÊÏäì ÇáÕäÇÚÇÊ ÇáÊí ÊÍÊÇÌ Åáì ÞæÉ ÚÇãáÉ ßÈíÑÉ¡ ããÇ íÄÏí Åáì ÊÂßá ÓÈÈ ÇÞÊÕÇÏí ÑÆíÓí ááÊÑßÒ¡ Ãí ããÇ íÄÏí Åáì ÇáÅÞáÇá ãä ÊßÇáíÝ ÇáäÞá æÇáãÚÑÝÉ æÇáÊÏÑíÈ æÇáãÚáæãÇÊ.
17- UNRISD. 2005. ÇáãÓÇæÇÉ Èíä ÇáÌäÓíä: ÇáÓÚí Åáì ÊÍÞíÞ ÇáÚÏÇáÉ Ýí ÚÇáã íÝÊÞÑ Åáì ÇáãÓÇæÇÉ¡ Õ 193. ÌäíÝ: UNRISD.
18- íÓÊäÏ åÐÇ ÇáÞÓã Åáì: Rodriguez, J., and G. Martine. 2006. “Urbanization in Latin America: Experiences and Lessons Learned.”. ãÓæÏÉ æÑÞÉ ÃÚÏÊ ãä ÃÌá åÐÇ ÇáÊÞÑíÑ.
19- íÓÊäÏ åÐÇ ÇáÞÓã Åáì: ÔÚÈÉ ÇáÊäãíÉ ÇáÇÌÊãÇÚíÉ Ýí ÇááÌäÉ ÇáÇÞÊÕÇÏíÉ æÇáÇÌÊãÇÚíÉ áÛÑÈí ÂÓíÇ. 2007. "ÊÍÖÑ Ýí ãäØÞÉ ÛÑÈí ÂÓíÇ". ãÓæÏÉ æÑÞÉ ÃÚÏÊ ãä ÃÌá åÐÇ ÇáÊÞÑíÑ.
20- ÇáãÑÌÚ äÝÓå. ÈÏÃÊ ÈÚÖ ÇáÈáÏÇä¡ ãä ÞÈíá ãÕÑ æÇáÃÑÏä æÇáÌãåæÑíÉ ÇáÚÑÈíÉ ÇáÓæÑíÉ¡ ãËáÇð¡ Ýí ÇÊÎÇÐ ÎØæÇÊ ÅíÌÇÈíÉ áãÓÇÚÏÉ ÇáãÓÊæØäÇÊ ÛíÑ ÇáÑÓãíÉ.
21- ÊÓÊäÏ åÐå ÇáãäÇÞÔÉ Åáì: White, M. J., B. U. Mberu, and M. Collinson. 2006. “African Migration and Urbanization: Recent Trends and Implications.”. ãÓæÏÉ æÑÞÉ ÃÚÏÊ ãä ÃÌá åÐÇ ÇáÊÞÑíÑ.
22- White, M. J., and D. P. Lindstrom. 2005. “Internal Migration”. ÇáÝÕá 11 Ýí: Handbook of Population, edited by D. Poston and M. Micklin. 2006. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research Series. New York: Springer.
23- åÐå ÇáãäÇÞÔÉ ãÓÊãÏÉ Åáì ÍÏ ßÈíÑ ãä: Chandrasekhar, S. 2006. “Urban Growth Patterns and Its Implications for Future Economic, Social, Demographic and Environmental Scenarios in India.”. ãÓæÏÉ æÑÞÉ ÃÚÏÊ ãä ÃÌá åÐÇ ÇáÊÞÑíÑ.
24- ÍßæãÉ ÇáåäÏ. ÈÏæä ÊÇÑíÎ. ÞÇäæä ÖãÇäÇÊ ÇáÚãÇáÉ ÇáÑíÝíÉ ÇáæØäí: 2005. äíæÏáåí: æÒÇÑÉ ÇáÊäãíÉ ÇáÑíÝíÉ¡ ÍßæãÉ ÇáåäÏ . ÇáãæÞÚ Úáì ÇáÅäÊÑäÊ: http://nrega.nic.in¡ ÈÇáÑÌæÚ Åáíå Ýí 17 ßÇäæä ÇáËÇäí/íäÇíÑ 2006.
25- íÓÊäÏ åÐÇ ÇáÞÓã Åáì: Bai, X. 2006. “Urban Transition in China: Trends, Consequences, and Policy Implications”. ãÓæÏÉ æÑÞÉ ÃÚÏÊ ãä ÃÌá åÐÇ ÇáÊÞÑíÑ.
26- Chen, N., P. Valente, and H. Zlotnik. 1998. “What Do We Know about Recent Trends in Urbanization?” Pp. 59-88 in: Migration, Urbanization, and Development: New Directions and Issues, edited by R. E. Bilsborrow. 1998. äíæíæÑß: ÕäÏæÞ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ááÓßÇä.
27- Sivaramakrishnan, K. C., Amitabh Kundu, and B. N. Singh. 2005. Handbook of Urbanization in India: An Analysis of Trends and Processes¡ ÇáÌÏæá 3-4. äíæÏáåí æäíæíæÑß: ãØÈÚÉ ÌÇãÚÉ ÃæßÓÝæÑÏ.
28- Rodriguez and Martine 2006.
29- Ýí ÇáÕíä¡ ÃÏÊ ÇáÖæÇÈØ ÇáÈíÑæÞÑÇØíÉ ÇáÞæíÉ ÈÏÑÌÉ ÛíÑ ÚÇÏíÉ Úáì ÇáÎÕæÈÉ Åáì ÌÚá ÇáÒíÇÏÉ ÇáØÈíÚíÉ Ýí ÚÏÏ ÇáÓßÇä ÊÞÝ ÚäÏ ãÓÊæíÇÊ ãäÎÝÖÉ Úáì ãÏì ÚÏÉ ÚÞæÏ. æÝí ÇáæÞÊ äÝÓå¡ ÃÏì æÌæÏ ÊÞííÏÇÊ ÞæíÉ Úáì äÝÓ ÇáãäæÇá Úáì ÇáåÌÑÉ ãä ÇáÑíÝ Åáì ÇáÍÖÑ Åáì ÅÈÞÇÁ ãÓÊæíÇÊ ÇáÊÍÖÑ ÇáãäÎÝÖÉ ÍÊì ÃæÇÎÑ ÓÈÚíäÇÊ ÇáÞÑä ÇáÚÔÑíä. Ëã ÃÓÝÑ ÊÎÝíÝ ÇáÞíæÏ Úáì ÇáåÌÑÉ Úä ÍÏæË ÊÍÑßÇÊ ÓßÇäíÉ ÖÎãÉ Åáì ÇáãÏä Ýí ãæÇÌåÉ ÇÓÊãÑÇÑ ÇäÎÝÇÖ ãÚÏáÇÊ ÇáÒíÇÏÉ ÇáØÈíÚíÉ Ýí ÚÏÏ ÇáÓßÇä.
30- ÃÔÇÑÊ ÈÖÚ ÍßæãÇÊ ÅÔÇÑÇÊ ãÈÇÔÑÉ Åáì åÐå ÇáÕáÉ Èíä Çáäãæ ÇáÍÖÑí æÇáÒíÇÏÉ ÇáØÈíÚíÉ Ýí ÚÏÏ ÇáÓßÇä æÅáì ÇáÍÇÌÉ Åáì ÅíáÇÁ ãÒíÏ ãä ÇáÇåÊãÇã ááÕÍÉ ÇáÅäÌÇÈíÉ. ÃãÇ æÇÖÚæ ÇáÓíÇÓÇÊ Ýåã áÇ íÔíÑæä ÈæÌå ÚÇã Óæì Åáì ÇáåÌÑÉ ÛíÑ ÇáãÑÛæÈÉ ãä ÇáÑíÝ Åáì ÇáÍÖÑ.

ÇáÝÕá 2

1- ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ. 2006. ÊäÝíÐ äÊÇÆÌ ãÄÊãÑ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ÇáãÚäí ÈÇáãÓÊæØäÇÊ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ (ÇáãæÆá ÇáËÇäí) æÊÚÒíÒ ÈÑäÇãÌ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ááãÓÊæØäÇÊ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ (ãæÆá ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ): ÊÞÑíÑ ÇáÃãíä ÇáÚÇã (A/61/262). ÇáÝÞÑÉ 8. äíæíæÑß: ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ.
2- ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ. 1995. ÇáÓßÇä æÇáÊäãíÉ¡ ÇáãÌáÏ 1: ÈÑäÇãÌ ÇáÚãá ÇáãÚÊãÏ Ýí ÇáãÄÊãÑ ÇáÏæáí ááÓßÇä æÇáÊäãíÉ: ÇáÞÇåÑÉ: 5-13 Ãíáæá/ÓÈÊãÈÑ 1994¡ ÇáÝÞÑÉ 9-14. äíæíæÑß: ÅÏÇÑÉ ÇáãÚáæãÇÊ ÇáÇÞÊÕÇÏíÉ æÇáÇÌÊãÇÚíÉ æÊÍáíá ÇáÓíÇÓÇÊ¡ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ.
3- íÓÊÝíÏ åÐÇ ÇáÝÕá ÈØÑÇÆÞ ßËíÑÉ ãä ãÓÇåãÉ ÞíøãÉ ÞÏãåÇ áåÐÇ ÇáÊÞÑíÑ ãæÆá ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ (ÇäÙÑ: Bazoglu, N., and Mboup, G. 2007 “Shelter and Urban Poverty: Nature and Scope” . ãÓæÏÉ æÑÞÉ ÃÚÏÊ ãä ÃÌá åÐÇ ÇáÊÞÑíÑ).
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14- åÐå åí ÇáÍÇáÉ¡ ãËáÇð¡ Ýí äíÈÇá. ÝäÓÈÉ áÇ ÊÊÌÇæÒ 17 Ýí ÇáãÇÆÉ ãä ÓßÇä ÇáÈáÏ ÇáÈÇáÛ ãÌãæÚåã 28 ãáíæäÇð ÊÚíÔ Ýí ÇáãäÇØÞ ÇáÍÖÑíÉ. ÅáÇ Ãä ÊÂáÝ ÚÇãá ÇáÝÞÑ æÇäÚÏÇã ÇáÇÓÊÞÑÇÑ ÇáÓíÇÓí íÄÏí Åáì ÊÖÎøã ÃÚÏÇÏ ÇáãåÇÌÑíä ãä ÇáÑíÝ Åáì ÇáÍÖÑ¡ æíÔßá æÖÚÇð ÕÚÈÇð Ýí ÇáãäÇØÞ ÇáÚÔæÇÆíÉ ÇáÍÖÑíÉ. æäíÈÇá ÂÎÐÉ Ýí ÇáÊÍÖÑ ÈÓÑÚÉ ßÈíÑÉ¡ ÈãÚÏá Óäæí ÈáÛ Ýí ÇáãÊæÓØ 6.65 Ýí ÇáãÇÆÉ Ýí ÇáÝÊÑÉ 1991 – 2001 ÇáÝÇÕáÉ Èíä ÅÍÕÇÁíä ÓßÇäííä. æÞÏ äÌãÊ ãÚÙã ÇáÒíÇÏÉ Úä ÇáåÌÑÉ ãä ÇáÑíÝ Åáì ÇáÍÖÑ¡ ÇáÊí ÇÔÊÏÊ ßËÇÝÊåÇ ÈÝÚá ÕÑÇÚ ÏÇã 11 ÚÇãÇð¡ æßÇäÊ åÌÑÉ Úáì æÌå ÇáÎÕæÕ Åáì ãäØÞÉ ÊíÑÇí ÇáÌäæÈíÉ æÅáì ãäÇØÞ ßÇÊãÇäÏæ ÇáÚÔæÇÆíÉ ÇáÝÞíÑÉ. æáÇ íæÌÏ ÓÌá ÑÓãí áÃÚÏÇÏ ÇáÃÔÎÇÕ ÇáãÔÑÏíä ÏÇÎáíÇð Ýí ÇáÈáÏ¡ æáßä ÇáÊÞÏíÑÇÊ ÊÊÑÇæÍ ãä 000 200 Åáì 000 500 ÔÎÕ. (ÇáãÕÏÑ: ÇáãßÊÈ ÇáÞØÑí áÕäÏæÞ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ááÓßÇä Ýí äíÈÇá. ßÇäæä ÇáÃæá/ÏíÓãÈÑ 2006. ÇÊÕÇá ÔÎÕíº æÌÏÇæá ÍÇÓæÈíÉ æÇÑÏÉ ãä ÔÚÈÉ ÇáÓßÇä ÈÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ).
15- The most constructive way of looking at the productive interlinkages among urban and rural areas may be as a virtuous circle, whereby access to (urban) markets and services for non-farm production stimulates agricultural productivity and rural incomes, which in turn generate demand and labour supply for more such goods and services. The circle provides multiple entry points, and opportunities should be seized where they appear.” — Kessides, C. 2006. The Urban Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction, p. xvii. . ÓáÓáÉ æÑÞÇÊ ÇáÚãá ÇáÎÇÕÉ ÈãäØÞÉ ÃÝÑíÞíÇ. ÇáÑÞã 97. æÇÔäØä ÇáÚÇÕãÉ: ÊÍÇáÝ ÇáãÏä.
16- Angel, S., S. C. Sheppard, and D. L. Civco. 2005. The Dynamics of Global Urban Expansion¡ Õ 91. æÇÔäØä ÇáÚÇÕãÉ: ÅÏÇÑÉ ÇáäÞá æÇáÊäãíÉ ÇáÍÖÑíÉ¡ ÇáÈäß ÇáÏæáí.
17- Hardoy, J. E., D. Mitlin, and D. Satterthwaite. 1992. Environmental Problems in Third World Cities¡ Õ 34. áäÏä: ãäÔæÑÇÊ Earthscan.
18- ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ. 1995. ÇáÓßÇä æÇáÊäãíÉ¡ ÇáãÌáÏ ÇáÃæá: ÈÑäÇãÌ ÇáÚãá ÇáãÚÊãÏ Ýí ÇáãÄÊãÑ ÇáÏæáí ááÓßÇä æÇáÊäãíÉ: ÇáÞÇåÑÉ: 5 – 13 Ãíáæá/ÓÈÊãÈÑ 1994¡ ÇáÝÞÑÉ 9 – 1. äíæíæÑß: ÅÏÇÑÉ ÇáãÚáæãÇÊ ÇáÇÞÊÕÇÏíÉ æÇáÇÌÊãÇÚíÉ æÊÍáíá ÇáÓíÇÓÇÊ¡ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ.
19- ãä Ëã¡ ÃËíÑÊ ãÓÃáÉ Ãä ÇáÛÇíÉ 11 ãä ÇáÃåÏÇÝ ÇáÅäãÇÆíÉ ááÃáÝíÉ Ü æåí ÊÍÓíä ÍíÇÉ ãÇ áÇ íÞá 100 ãáíæä ãä ÓÇßäí ÇáÃÍíÇÁ ÇáÝÞíÑÉ ÈÍáæá ÓäÉ 2020 Ü ÑÄí ÚãæãÇð ÃäåÇ ãä ÇáÓåá äÓÈíÇð ÊÍÞíÞåÇ¡ Úáì ÇáÇÎÊáÇÝ ãä ÈÚÖ ÇáÛÇíÇÊ ÇáÃÎÑì ááÃåÏÇÝ ÇáÅäãÇÆíÉ ááÃáÝíÉ. æåÐÇ ÇáÊÝÇÄá¡ ÈÇáÅÖÇÝÉ Åáì ÇäÎÝÇÖ ÇáÛÇíÉ ÇäÎÝÇÖÇð ÛÑíÈÇð "... åæ ÊÌÓÏ áÊÒÇíÏ ÇáÇÚÊÑÇÝ ÈÇáÊÍÓíäÇÊ ÇáäÇÌÍÉ ÇáÊí ÊÍÞÞÊ Úä ØÑíÞ ÇáãÔÇÑíÚ ÇáÊÔÇÑßíÉ æÇáÊí ÊäÝÐ ÈÞíÇÏÉ ãÍáíÉ Ýí ÇáÃÍíÇÁ ÇáÚÔæÇÆíÉ ÇáÝÞíÑÉ¡ æÊÌÓíÏ áÊæËíÞ Êáß ÇáÊÍÓíäÇÊ". Ü . Carolini 2006 Õ 1.
20- Tannerfeldt, G., and P. Ljung. 2006¡ Õ 97.
21- ãä ÇáÔÇÆÚ Ýí ÇáÈáÏÇä ÇáäÇãíÉ ÈÇáäÓÈÉ áÈÇÆÚí ÇáÔæÇÑÚ Ãä íÈíÚæÇ ÇáÓÌÇÆÑ ãÝÑÏÉ ÈÓÚÑ ÃÚáì ãä ÓÚÑ æÍÏÊåÇ ÅÐÇ ÈíÚÊ ÈÇáÚáÈÉ. æíÏÝÚ ÇáÝÞÑÇÁ ËãäÇð ÃÚáì ãÞÇÈá ßá æÍÏÉ íÓÊÎÏãæäåÇ ãä ÇáãíÇå æÇáæÞæÏ æÛíÑåãÇ ãä ÇáÖÑæÑíÇÊ ÇáÃÎÑì áÃäåã íÔÊÑæä ßãíÇÊ ÕÛíÑÉ ÝÞØ ãäåÇ. ßÐáß¡ íäÌã ÚÇÏÉ Úä ÊßííÝ ÍÌã ÞØÚ ÇáÃÑÇÖí ÍÓÈ ÇáÞÏÑÉ ÇáÔÑÇÆíÉ ááÝÞÑÇÁ ÇÑÊÝÇÚ ÇáÃÓÚÇÑ ãÞÇÈá ßá ãÊÑ ãÑÈÚ. ÇäÙÑ: Smolka, M., and A. Larangeira. 2006. “Informality and Poverty in Latin American Urban Policy”. ãÔÑæÚ æÑÞÉ ÃÚÏÊ ãä ÃÌá åÐÇ ÇáÊÞÑíÑ.
22- ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ. 26 ÊÔÑíä ÇáÃæá/ÃßÊæÈÑ 2006. ÑÆíÓ ÇáãæÆá íÎÈÑ ÇááÌäÉ ÇáËÇäíÉ ÈÇáÍÇÌÉ ÇáãÎíãÉ Åáì Êãæíá áÑåæäÇÊ íßæä Ýí ÕÇáÍ ÇáÝÞÑÇÁ ÈÇáäÙÑ Åáì ÊåÏíÏ ÇáÝÞÑ áãÓÊæíÇÊ ÇáãÚíÔÉ Ýí ãÏä ÇáÚÇáã"(GA/EF/3160) ¡ ÇáÕÝÍÊÇä 3 æ 4. äÔÑÉ ÕÍÝíÉ. äíæíæÑß: ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ.
23- “In many countries, the planning horizons of politicians are too short to engage in longer-term planning and preparation for orderly urban expansion.”— Angel, Sheppard, and Civco 2005¡ Õ 101.
24- ßËíÑÇð ãÇ íõÝÊÑÖ ÎØà Ãä ãÚÙã ÝÞÑÇÁ ÇáÍÖÑ æÃæáÆß ÇáÐíä íÚíÔæä Ýí ÇáãÓÊÞØäÇÊ ÛíÑ ÇáÞÇäæäíÉ åã ãåÇÌÑæä ãä ÇáÑíÝ¡ æÃäåã ãÍÑæãæä ãä ÍÞ ÇáÊÕæíÊ.
25- ááÇØáÇÚ Úáì ãäÇÞÔÉ ÈÔÃä ßíÝíÉ ÍÏæË åÐå ÇáÚãáíÇÊ Ýí ÈÑÇÒíáíÇ¡ ÇäÙÑ¡ ãËáÇð: Acioly, Jr., C. C. 1994. “Incremental Land Development in Brasilia: Can the Urban Poor Escape from Suburbanization?” Third World Planning Review 16(3): 243-261; and Aubertin, C. 1992. “Le droit au logement: enjeu démocratique ou instrument du clientélisme: L’exemple de Brasilia: District federal.” Cahiers des Sciences Humaines 28(3) : 461-479.
26- ÈåÐÇ ÇáãÚäì¡ íÌÑí ÍÇáíÇð ÈÐá ÌåÏ ÇÓÊËäÇÆí áÊäÙíã æÊØåíÑ ÃÓæÇÞ ÇáÃÑÇÖí Ýí ÅÓÈÇäíÇ¡ ÍíË íÌÑí ÝÍÕ ÓÌáÇÊ ÇáÃÑÇÖí ÇáÊí ÊÑÌÚ Åáì ÓÈÚÉ ÃÚæÇã æíÌÑí ÊæÌíå ÇÊåÇãÇÊ Åáì ÚÏÏ ãä ÇáÔÎÕíÇÊ ÐÇÊ ÇáäÝæÐ áÇÑÊßÇÈåÇ ÇáãÒÚæã áãÎÇáÝÇÊ ÝíãÇ íÊÚáÞ ÈãÚÇãáÇÊ ÇáÃÑÇÖí. (ÇäÙÑ: “Dos nuevos arrestados en la Operación Malaya.”. 6 ÔÈÇØ/ÝÈÑÇíÑ 2007. El Pais. ÇáãæÞÚ Úáì ÇáÅäÊÑäÊ: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/nuevos/arrestados/Operacion/ Malaya/elpepuesp/20070206elpepunac_7/Tes. ÈÇáÑÌæÚ Åáíå Ýí 6 ÔÈÇØ/ÝÈÑÇíÑ 2007). æåÐÇ íÊÒÇãä ãÚ ÍÑßÉ ãÏäíÉ ÊÑãí Åáì ÇáÏÚæÉ Åáì ÊæÝíÑ ÅÓßÇä ãíÓæÑ ÇáÊßáÝÉ ááÌãíÚ. æåÐÇ ÇáäæÚ ãä ÇáãÈÇÏÑÇÊ ßÇä íÊÚíä ÊäÝíÐå Úáì äØÇÞ æÇÓÚ Ýí ÇáÈáÏÇä ÇáäÇãíÉ ßÌÒÁ ãä ÇÓÊÑÇÊíÌíÉ áÊäÙíã ÃÓæÇÞ ÇáÃÑÇÖí.
27- ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ. 2006. ÊäÝíÐ äÊÇÆÌ ãÄÊãÑ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ÇáãÚäí ÈÇáãÓÊæØäÇÊ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ (ÇáãæÆá ÇáËÇäí) æÊÚÒíÒ ÈÑäÇãÌ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ááãÓÊæØäÇÊ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ (ãæÆá ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ): ÊÞÑíÑ ÇáÃãíä ÇáÚÇã (A/61/262) ¡ Õ 5. äíæíæÑß: ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ.
28- Angel, S., S. C. Sheppard, and D. L. Civco. 2005.
29- ÇáãÑÌÚ äÝÓå¡ Õ 102.

ÇáÝÕá 4

1- Angel, S., S. C. Sheppard, and D. L. Civco. 2005.The Dynamics of Global Urban Expansion¡ Õ 102. æÇÔäØä¡ ÇáÚÇÕãÉ: ÅÏÇÑÉ ÇáäÞá æÇáÊäãíÉ ÇáÍÖÑíÉ¡ ÇáÈäß ÇáÏæáí.
2- ÇáãÑÌÚ äÝÓå¡ Õ 1.
3- íõÔíÑ åÐÇ ÇáÑÞã Åáì ÇáãÓÊæØäÇÊ ÇáÍÖÑíÉ¡ ÈãÇ Ýí Ðáß ãäÇØÞåÇ ÇáÎÖÑÇÁ æãÓÇÍÇÊåÇ ÇáÎÇáíÉ¡ ãÞíÓÉ ÈÇáÃÖæÇÁ ÇááíáíÉ (ÇáãÚÏáÉ). æåæ ãÞÏã ãä ÇáãÔÑæÚ ÇáÚÇáãí áÑÓã ÇáÎÑÇÆØ ÇáÑíÝíÉ – ÇáÍÖÑíÉ¡ ÕíÛÉ "alpha" (GRUMP alpha)¡ ãÑßÒ ÇáÔÈßÉ ÇáÏæáíÉ áãÚáæãÇÊ Úáã ÇáÃÑÖ¡ ÌÇãÚÉ ßæáæãÈíǺ æÇáãÚåÏ ÇáÏæáí áÈÍæË ÇáÓíÇÓÉ ÇáÛÐÇÆíɺ æÇáÈäß ÇáÏæáíº æÇáãÑßÒ ÇáÏæáí ááÒÑÇÚÉ ÇáãÏÇÑíÉ. 2004. æGridded Population of the World, version 3, with Urban Reallocation (GPW-UR). Palisades¡ äíæíæÑß: ãÑßÒ ÇáÈíÇäÇÊ æÇáÊØÈíÞÇÊ ÇáÇÌÊãÇÚíÉ – ÇáÇÞÊÕÇÏíÉ¡ ÌÇãÚÉ ßæáæãÈíÇ. ÇáãæÞÚ Úáì ÇáÅäÊÑäÊ: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw¡ ÈÇáÑÌæÚ Åáíå ÂÎÑ ãÑÉ Ýí 14 ÔÈÇØ/ÝÈÑÇíÑ 2007. æãä Ëã Ýåæ ãÎÊáÝ Úä ÇáÃÑÞÇã ÇáãÊÚáÞÉ ÈÇáßËÇÝÉ ÇáÍÖÑíÉ æÇáãÞÏãÉ ãä ÏÑÇÓÉ ÃÌÑÇåÇ: Angel, S., S. C. Sheppard, and D. L. Civco (2005¡ Õ 1). ÊÔíÑ ÝÍÓÈ Åáì ãäÇØÞ ÇáÚãÑÇä Ýí ÇáãÏä ÇáÊí íÞØäåÇ 000 100 ÔÎÕ Úáì ÇáÃÞá.
4- ãÚåÏ ãæÇÑÏ ÇáÚÇáã. 1996. World Resources 1996-97: A Guide to the Global Environment: The Urban Environment¡ ÇáÕÝÍÇÊ 57-59. äíæíæÑß æÃæßÓÝæÑÏ: ãØÈÚÉ ÌÇãÚÉ ÃæßÓÝæÑÏ.
5- Martine, G. 2006. “Population/Development/Environment Trends in a Globalized Context: Challenges for the 21st Century.” Genus 61(3-4): 247-277.
6- áã íõæÖÚ ÊÚÑíÝ æÇÖÍ æãÊÝÞ Úáíå áãÝåæã "ÇáÇãÊÏÇÏ ÇáÍÖÑí". æáßä Ýí ÇáããÇÑÓÉ ÇáÚãáíÉ íãËá ãÊæÓØ ÇáßËÇÝÇÊ ÇáÍÖÑíÉ ãÄÔÑÇð ãæÌÒÇð ÌíÏÇð ááÇãÊÏÇÏ. æÌãíÚ ÇáÚãáíÇÊ ÊÓÝÑ Úä ÝæÇÑÞ ßÈíÑÉ Èíä ÇáãÏä ÇáãÎÊáÝÉ¡ Úáì ÇáÑÛã ãä ÇÎÊáÇÝ ãÞÇííÓ æãÄÔÑÇÊ "ÇáÇãÊÏÇÏ" ÇáãÓÊÎÏãÉ. (ÇäÙÑ: Lopez, R., and H. P. Hynes. 2003. “Sprawl in the 1990s: Measurement, Distribution, and Trends.” Urban Affairs Review 38(3): 325-355. Cited in: “Urban Sprawl and Sustainable Cities: A Review,” p. 5, by D. J. Hogan and R. Ojima. 2006. ãÓæÏÉ æÑÞÉ ÃÚÏÊ ãä ÃÌá åÐÇ ÇáÊÞÑíÑ.
7- Angel, Sheppard, and Civco 2005¡ Õ 102.
8- Angel. S. 2006. "ÞíÇÓ ÇáÇãÊÏÇÏ ÇáÚÇáãí: Çáåíßá ÇáãßÇäí áÃÑÇÖí ÇáÚÇáã ÇáÍÖÑíÉ"¡ Õ 13. æÑÞÉ ÛíÑ ãäÔæÑÉ.
9- Angel, Sheppard, and Civco 2005¡ ÇáÕÝÍÊÇä 1 æ 2. æÞÏ íßæä åÐÇ Ýí ÍÞíÞÉ ÇáÃãÑ ÊÞÏíÑÇð ãäÎÝÖÇð ááßËÇÝÇÊ ÇáãÊÏäíÉ. æÝí ÇáæáÇíÇÊ ÇáãÊÍÏÉ¡ Úáì ÇáÃÞá¡ æÌÏÊ ÏÑÇÓÉ ÔãáÊ 282 ãäØÞÉ ãÊÑæÈæáíÉ Ãä äãæ ãÓÇÍÉ ÇáÃÑÇÖí ÞÏ ÝÇÞ Ýí ÓÑÚÊå Çáäãæ ÇáÓßÇäí ÈãÞÏÇÑ ÇËäíä Åáì æÇÍÏ (ãÐßæÑ Ýí: Hogan and Ojima 2006¡ Õ 3).
10- Angel, Sheppard, and Civco 2005¡ ÇáÕÝÍÊÇä 1 æ 2.
11- Hogan and Ojima 2006¡ ÇáÕÝÍÉ 6.
12- Arbury, J. n.d. “From Urban Sprawl to Compact City: An Analysis of Urban Growth Management in Auckland.” Master’s Thesis. Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland. Website: http://portal.jarbury.net/thesis.¡ ÈÇáÑÌæÚ Åáíå Ýí 18 Ãíáæá/ÓÈÊãÈÑ 2006.
13- ÇáãÑÌÚ äÝÓå¡ Õ 21.
14- Monte Mor, R. L. 2006. “O que é o urbano no mundo contemporâneo,” p. 11. ..Texto para Discussão, UFMG/Cedeplar, Belo Horizonte. ÇáãæÞÚ Úáì ÇáÅäÊÑäÊ: www.cedeplar.ufmg.br¡ ÈÇáÑÌæÚ Åáíå ÂÎÑ ãÑÉ Ýí 18 ßÇäæä ÇáÃæá/ÏíÓãÈÑ 2006. æãÓÊÔåÏ Èå Ýí: Hogan and Ojima 2006¡ Õ 16.
15- Richardson, H. W., and C.-H. C. Bae (eds.). 2004. Urban Sprawl in Western Europe and the United States. Aldershot, United Kingdom: Ashgate. Cited in: Hogan and Ojima 2006, p. 3.
16- Pumain, D. 2004. “Urban Sprawl: Is There a French Case? Pp. 137-157 in: Richardson and Bae 2004.
17- Munoz, F. 2003. “Lock Living: Urban Sprawl in Mediterranean Cities.” Cities 20(6): 381-385. Cited in: Hogan and Ojima 2006, p. 8.
18- ¡ ÅÓÊäÈæá¡ ÇááÌäÉ ÇáÃæáì¡ ÊÑßíÇ¡ 21-23 ÊãæÒ/íæáíå 2004. ÅÓÊäÈæá¡ ÊÑßíÇ: ÇáÌãÚíÉ ÇáÏæáíÉ ááÊÕæíÑ ÇáãÓÇÍí ÇáÖæÆí æÇáÇÓÊÔÚÇÑ Úä ÈÚϺ æ Munoz 2003. æßáÇåãÇ ãÓÊÔåÏ ÈåãÇ Ýí: Hogan and Ojima 2006¡ Õ 8.
19- ãÏíäÉ ÇáÑÈ “Cidade de Deus” Ýí Ñíæ Ïí ÌÇäíÑæ¡ ÇáÊí ÃßÓÈåÇ ÔåÑÉ Ýíáã íÍãá äÝÓ ÇáÇÓã¡ ÃÞíãÊ ÚäÏãÇ äÞá ÓßÇä ãäÇØÞ ÚÔæÇÆíÉ ãæÞÚåÇ ÌíÏ Åáì ãÓÊæØäÉ ÌÏíÏÉ Ýí ÖæÇÍí ÇáãÏíäÉ ááÊãßíä ãä ÅÞÇãÉ ÔÞÞ ÓßäíÉ Ýí ÈäÇíÇÊ ÔÇåÞÉ ãä ÃÌá ÇáÃËÑíÇÁ Ýí ÃãÇßä Êáß ÇáãäÇØÞ ÇáÚÔæÇÆíÉ ÇáÃÕáíÉ.
20- Hogan and Ojima 2006¡ Õ 8.
21- ÇÓÊÝÇÏ åÐÇ ÇáÞÓã æÇáÞÓã ÇáÊÇáí áå ÇÓÊÝÇÏÉ ßÈíÑÉ ãä: Tacoli, C. 2006. “A Note on Sprawl and Peri-urbanization” . ãÓæÏÉ æÑÞÉ ÃÚÏÊ ãä ÃÌá åÐÇ ÇáÊÞÑíÑ.
22- Allen, A. 2003. “Environmental Planning and Management of the Peri-urban Interface: Perspectives on an Emerging Field,” p. 136. Environment and Urbanization 15(1): 135-148; Simon, D., D. McGregor, and K. Nsiah-Gyabaah. 2004. “The Changing Urban–rural Interface of African Cities: Definitional Issues and an Application to Kumasi, Ghana,” p. 235. Environment and Urbanization 16(2): 235-248; and Parkinson, J., and K. Tayler. 2003. “Decentralized Wastewater Management in Peri-urban Areas in Low-income Countries,” p. 75. Environment and Urbanization 15(1): 75-90.
23- ÇáÇÓÊÑÇÊíÌíÇÊ ÇáãÊÚãÏÉ áÊÑß ÇáÃÑÇÖí ÎÇáíÉ ÈíäãÇ ÊÞÊÑÈ ãäåÇ ÇáÈäíÉ ÇáÊÍÊíÉ ÇáÍÖÑíÉ æÊÒíÏ ÞíãÊåÇ "... ÞÏ Êßæä ÙÇåÑÉ ãáãæÓÉ ÈÏÑÌÉ ÃßÈÑ Ýí ÇáÈáÏÇä ÇáäÇãíÉ ÇáÊí ÊÄÏí ÝíåÇ ÚãáíÇÊ ÊÞÓíã ÇáãäÇØÞ¡ æÇáåíÇßá ÇáÖÑíÈíÉ¡ ÚÏã æÌæÏ ÇÓÊËãÇÑÇÊ ÃßËÑ ÑÈÍíÉ æÃãäÇð Åáì ÒíÇÏÉ ÌÇÐÈíÉ ÇáÇÓÊËãÇÑ Ýí ÇáÃÑÇÖí". – Hogan and Ojima 2006¡ ÇáÕÝÍÊÇä 6 æ 7.
24- ÇäÙÑ: ÇááÌäÉ ÇáÚáãíÉ ÇáãÚäíÉ ÈãÔÇßá ÇáÈíÆÉ. ÈÏæä ÊÇÑíÎ. "ÇáÊÛíÑ ÇáÈíÆí Ýí ÇáãäÇØÞ ÇáÍÖÑíÉ: ãÔÑæÚ A SCOPE ". ÇáãæÞÚ Úáì ÇáÅäÊÑäÊ: www.scope-uk.ac.uk/projects/PUECHsumOct01.html¡ ÈÇáÑÌæÚ Åáíå ÂÎÑ ãÑÉ Ýí 14 ÔÈÇØ/ÝÈÑÇíÑ 2007.
25- Tacoli, C. 1999. “Understanding the Opportunities and Constraints for Low-Income Groups in the Peri-Urban Interface: The Contribution of Livelihood Frameworks” ¡ Õ 7. ãÓæÏÉ ááãäÇÞÔÉ. áäÏä: Peri-urban Interface Project, Development Planning Unit, University College London.
26- Tacoli 2006.
27- Leaf, M. 2002. "ÞÕÉ ÞÑíÊíä: ÇáÚæáãÉ æÇáÊÛíÑ Ýí ÇáãäÇØÞ ÇáãÍíØÉ ÈÇáÍÖÑ Ýí ÇáÕíä æÝííÊ äÇã". Cities 19(1): 23-31.
28- Webster, D. 2002. On the Edge: Shaping the future of Peri-Urban East Asia. æÑÞÉ ãäÇÞÔÉ áãÑßÒ ÈÍæË ÂÓíÇ æÇáãÍíØ ÇáåÇÏÆ. ÓÊÇäÝæÑÏ¡ ßÇáíÝæÑäíÇ: ãÑßÒ ÈÍæË ÂÓíÇ æÇáãÍíØ ÇáåÇÏÆ¡ ÌÇãÚÉ ÓÊÇäÝæÑÏ.
29- Webster, D., et al. 2003. Emerging Third Stage Peri-urbanization: Functional Specialization in the Hangzhou Peri-urban Region. ÓÊÇäÝæÑÏ¡ ßÇáíÝæÑäíÇ: ãÑßÒ ÈÍæË ÂÓíÇ æÇáãÍíØ ÇáåÇÏÆ¡ ÌÇãÚÉ ÓÊÇäÝæÑÏ.
30- Allen 2003¡ Õ 137º æ Ducrot, R. æÂÎÑæä. 2004. “Articulating Land and Water Dynamics with Urbanization: An Attempt to Model Natural Resources Management at the Urban Edge,” p. 87. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 28(1-2): 85-106; and Kombe, W. J. 2005. “Land Use Dynamics in Peri-urban Areas and Their Implications on the Urban Growth and Form: The Case of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,” p. 120. Habitat International 29(1): 113-135.
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32- Rostam, K. 1997. "Industrial Expansion, Employment Changes and Urbanization in the Peri-urban Areas of Klang-Langat Valley, Malaysia.” Asian-Profile 25(4): 303-315.
33- “Activities typically undertaken outside the urban boundaries include disposal of solid wastes in landfills and sewage in surface water, quarries for construction materials, timber for firewood and construction, etc.” — Tacoli, C. 27 ÊÔÑíä ÇáËÇäí/äæÝãÈÑ 2006. ÇÊÕÇá ÔÎÕí.
34- Parkinson and Tayler 2003¡ Õ 75º æ Kombe 2005¡ Õ 114.
35- Tacoli 1999, p. 7.
36- ÇäÙÑ: “environmental transition” concept outlined by: McGranahan, G., et al. 2001. The Citizens at Risk: From Urban Sanitation to Sustainable Cities. London: Earthscan.
37- Songsore, J., and G. McGranahan. 1998. “The Political Economy of Household Environmental Management: Gender, Environment, and Epidemiology in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area.” World Development 26(3): 395-412.
38- Arbuy n.d.
39- ÇáãÑÌÚ äÝÓå.
40- Hogan and Ojima 2006, p. 18.
41- ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ 2006. ÊäÝíÐ äÊÇÆÌ ãÄÊãÑ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ÇáãÚäí ÈÇáãÓÊæØäÇÊ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ (ÇáãæÆá ÇáËÇäí) æÊÚÒíÒ ÈÑäÇãÌ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ááãÓÊæØäÇÊ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ (ãæÆá ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ): ÊÞÑíÑ ÇáÃãíä ÇáÚÇã (A/61/262)¡ ÇáÕÝÍÉ 26 (Ï). äíæíæÑß: ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ.
42- Angel, Sheppard, and Civco 2005, pp. 11-13.
43- ÇáãÑÌÚ äÝÓå¡ ÇáÕÝÍÊÇä 91 æ 95.
44- ÇáãÑÌÚ äÝÓå¡ Õ 101.
45- ÇáãÑÌÚ äÝÓå¡ Õ 101. æåÐå ÇáÇÓÊÚÏÇÏÇÊ ãä ÔÃäåÇ Ãä ÊÔãá: ÇáÍÕæá Úáì ÇáÃÑÇÖí ÇáÚÇãÉ æÍÞæÞ ÇáØÑíÞ ÇáÚÇãÉ ÇááÇÒã áÎÏãÉ Çáäãæ ÇáÍÖÑí Ýí ÇáãÓÊÞÈẠæÍãÇíÉ ÇáÃÑÇÖí ÇáÍÓÇÓÉ ãä ÇáÈäÇÁ¡ æÇáÇÓÊËãÇÑ Ýí ÇáÈäíÉ ÇáÊÍÊíÉ ÇáÏäíÇ ãä ÞÈíá ÔÑßÇÊ ÇáäÞá¡ æÔÈßÇÊ ÇáÅãÏÇÏ ÈÇáãíÇå¡ æÇáãÌÇÑí¡ æÇáÊÕÑíÝ¡ áÇÓÊíÚÇÈ Çáäãæ.
46- Hogan and Ojima 2006¡ Õ 12º æÇáÈÑäÇãÌ ÇáÏæáí ááÃÈÚÇÏ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ ááÊÛíÑ ÇáÚÇáãí. 2005. SciencePlan: Urbanization and Global Environmental Change. ÊÞÑíÑ ÇáÈÑäÇãÌ ÇáÏæáí ááÃÈÚÇÏ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ ááÊÛíÑ ÇáÚÇáãí ÑÞã 15. Èæä¡ ÃáãÇäíÇ: ÇáÈÑäÇãÌ ÇáÏæáí ááÃÈÚÇÏ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ ááÊÛíÑ ÇáÚÇáãí.
47- Tacoli 2006.
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49- ÇäÙÑ ÃíÖÇð: ÇáÈäß ÇáÏæáí. 2000. Cities in Transition. World Bank Urban and Local Government Strategy¡ Õ 105. æÇÔäØä¡ ÇáÚÇÕãÉ: ÇáÈäß ÇáÏæáí. æÊÞÊÑÍ åÐå ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ ÇÓÊÎÏÇã ãÕØáÍ “commutershed” ááÅÔÇÑÉ Åáì ãäØÞÉ ÇÞÊÕÇÏíÉ ãÍÏÏÉ ÐÇÊíÇð ÊãËá ÇÞÊÕÇÏÇð ãÍáíÇð æÏæä ÅÞáíãí ãÚíäÇð Ýí ÃÐåÇä ÇáãÔÇÑßíä ÝíåÇ.

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