| 1- |
Worldwatch Institute. 2007. “Preface,” p. xxiv. State of the World 2007: Our Urban Future. äíæíæÑß æáäÏä: W. W. Norton and Company. |
| 2- |
íÓÊäÏ åÐÇ ÇáÝÕá Ýí ãÚÙãå Åáì: Sanchez Rodriguez, R. 2006. “Urban Growth and Sustainability: New Approaches”. ãÓæÏÉ æÑÞÉ ÃõÚÏÊ ãä ÃÌá åÐÇ ÇáÊÞÑíѺ æ de Sherbinin, A. 2007. “Linking Urban Growth and GEC”. ãÐßÑÉ ÃÚÏÊ ãä ÃÌá åÐÇ ÇáÊÞÑíѺ æ B. Anderson. 2007. “Urban Growth and Ecosystems: Recent Patterns and Future Implications”. ãÓæÏÉ æÑÞÉ ÃõÚÏÊ ãä ÃÌá åÐÇ ÇáÊÞÑíÑ. |
| 3- |
íæËøöÞ¡ ãËáÇð¡ ÊÞÑíÑ ÃÕÏÑå ãÄÎÑÇð ãÚåÏ ææÑáÏ æÇÊÔ Úä ÇáãÏä (2007. State of the World 2007: Our Urban Future. New York and London: W. W. Norton and Company) ÚÏÏÇð ßÈíÑÇð ãä ÇáÞÕÕ ÇáÅíÌÇÈíÉ ÇáÊí ÊÈíä ßíÝ íÊÚÇãá ÇáäÇÓ ÈÝÚÇáíÉ ãÚ ÇáãÔÇßá ÇáÇÌÊãÇÚíÉ æÇáÈíÆíÉ ÇáãæÌæÏÉ ÍÇáíÇð Ýí ÇáãÏä. |
| 4- |
ãä Èíä ÃãËáÉ ÇáãÔÇßá ÇáãÍáíÉ Ãæ ÇáæØäíÉ ÇáÊí ÊÓåã Ýí "ÙÇåÑÉ ÇáÏÝíÆÉ" ÇäÈÚÇËÇÊ ËÇäí ÃßÓíÏ ÇáßÑÈæä æÇáãáæËÇÊ¡ æÊÛíÑ ÛØÇÁ ÇáÃÑÖ æÝÞÏÇä ÇáãæÆá¡ æÇáÃäæÇÚ ÇáÛÇÒíÉ¡ æÊáæË ÇáãÍíØÇÊ æÇáÅÝÑÇØ Ýí ÕíÏ ÇáÃÓãÇß. æßáåÇ ÃãæÑ áåÇ ãÖÇÚÝÇÊ ßÈíÑÉ ÚäÏ ÊÌãíÚåÇ ÚÇáãíÇð. |
| 5- |
McGranahan, G. æÂÎÑæä. 2005. “Urban Systems.” Ch. 27 in: Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends: Findings of the Condition and Trends Working Group, by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Series. New York: Island Press. |
| 6- |
Wallace, S. January 2007. “Amazon: Forest to Farms.” National Geographic. |
| 7- |
Wackernagel, M., and W. Rees. 1996. Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human on Earth. ÓÇä ÝÑÇäÓíÓßæ¡ ßÇáíÝæÑäíÇ: New Catalyst Books. |
| 8- |
ÇäÙÑ: McGranahan¡ æÂÎÑæä. 2005. |
| 9- |
Tortajada, C., and E. Castelán. 2003. “Water Management for a Megacity: Mexico City Metropolitan Area.” Ambio 32(2): 124-129; and Pocha, J. 5 September 2004. “China's Water Supply in Danger of Drying Up,” p. A-16. San Francisco Chronicle. |
| 10- |
Rosegrant, M. W., and C. Ringler. 1998. “Impact on Food Security and Rural Development of Transferring Water out of Agriculture. Water Policy 1(6): 567-586. |
| 11- |
Vörösmarty, C. 2006. “Box D.2: Water Impoundment and Flow Fragmentation.” Pp. 259-260 in: Pilot 2006 Environmental Performance Index, by the Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy and the Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University. 2006. New Haven, Connecticut, and Palisades, New York: Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy and the Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University. |
| 12- |
æÝÞÇð áæßÇáÉ ÇáæáÇíÇÊ ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ááÍãÇíÉ ÇáÈíÆíÉ. ÇäÙÑ: æßÇáÉ ÇáæáÇíÇÊ ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ááÍãÇíÉ ÇáÈíÆíÉ. æÂÎÑæä. “Heat Island Effect”. æÇÔäØä¡ ÇáÚÇÕãÉ. æßÇáÉ ÇáæáÇíÇÊ ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ááÍãÇíÉ ÇáÈíÆíÉ. ÇáãæÞÚ Úáì ÇáÅäÊÑäÊ:
http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ActionsLocalHeatIslandEffect.html¡ ÈÇáÑÌæÚ Åáíå Ýí 29 ßÇäæä ÇáËÇäí/íäÇíÑ 2007. |
| 13- |
Ashmore, M. R. 2005. “Assessing the Future Global Impacts of Ozone on Vegetation.” Plant, Cell and Environment 28(8): 949-964. |
| 14- |
Lo, C. P., and D. A. Quattrochi. 2003. “Land-use and Land-cover Change, Urban Heat Island Phenomenon, and Health Implications: A Remote Sensing Approach.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 69 (9): 1053-1063. |
| 15- |
ÇáåíÆÉ ÇáÍßæãíÉ ÇáÏæáíÉ ÇáãÚäíÉ ÈÊÛíÑ ÇáãäÇÎ. 2007. ÊÛíÑ ÇáãäÇÎ 2007: ÃÓÇÓ ÇáÚáã ÇáÝíÒíÇÆí: ãæÌÒ áæÇÖÚí ÇáÓíÇÓÇÊ. ÌäíÝ: ÇáåíÆÉ ÇáÍßæãíÉ ÇáÏæáíÉ ÇáãÚäíÉ ÈÊÛíÑ ÇáãäÇÎ. ÇáãæÞÚ Úáì ÇáÅäÊÑäÊ:
www.ipcc.ch/SPM2feb07.pdf¡ ÈÇáÑÌæÚ Åáíå Ýí 6 ÔÈÇØ/ÝÈÑÇíÑ 2007. |
| 16- |
ÈÑäÇãÌ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ááÈíÆÉ. 2004. ÇáÊÞÑíÑ ÇáÓäæí áÈÑäÇãÌ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ááÈíÆÉ 2003. äíæíæÑß: ÈÑäÇãÌ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ááÈíÆÉ. |
| 17- |
Perlman, J., and M. O. Sheehan. 2007. “Fighting Poverty and Injustice in Cities,” Ch. 9 in: Worldwatch Institute 2007; and de Sherbinin, A., A. Schiller, and A. Pulsipher. Forthcoming. “The Vulnerability of Global Cities to Climate Hazards.” Environment and Urbanization. |
| 18- |
Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. 2006. EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database. ÈÑæßÓá¡ ÈáÌíßÇ: ãÑßÒ ÈÍæË ÇáÃæÈÆÉ ÇáãÊÚáÞÉ ÈÇáßæÇÑË. |
| 19- |
íÓÊäÏ åÐÇ ÇáÞÓã Åáì: McGranahan, G., D. Balk, and B. Anderson. ÓíÕÏÑ áÇÍÞÇð. “The Rising Risks of Climate Change: Urban Population Distribution and Characteristics in Low Elevation Coastal Zones.” Environment and Urbanizationº æ McGranahan¡ æÂÎÑæä. 2005. |
| 20- |
McGranahan, Balk, and Anderson¡ ÓíÕÏÑ áÇÍÞÇð. |
| 21- |
Gugler, J. 1996. “Urbanization in Africa South of the Sahara: New Identities in Conflict.” Ch. 7 in: The Urban Transformation of the Developing World, edited by J. Gugler. Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
| 22- |
ãä Ðáß Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá ÇáãÌáÓ ÇáÏæáí ááãÈÇÏÑÇÊ ÇáÈíÆíÉ ÇáãÍáíÉ (ICLEI) (ÇáãæÞÚ Úáì ÇáÅäÊÑäÊ:
www.iclei.org¡ ÈÇáÑÌæÚ Åáíå ÂÎÑ ãÑÉ Ýí 7 ÂÐÇÑ/ãÇÑÓ 2007). æÇäÙÑ ÃíÖÇð¡ ááÇØáÇÚ Úáì ÇÓÊßÔÇÝ äØÇÞÇÊ ãÎÊáÝÉ ááãÈÇÏÑÉ æÏæÑ ÔÈßÇÊ ÇáãÏä ÈÇáäÓÈÉ áÊÛíÑ ÇáãäÇΡ ÇäÙÑ: Bulkeley, H., and M. Betsill. 2003. Cities and Climate Change: Urban Sustainability and Global Environmental Governance. Routledge Studies in Physical Geography and Environment. London: Routledge. |
