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ÇáãÑÌÚ äÝÓå¡ Õ 1. |
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íõÔíÑ åÐÇ ÇáÑÞã Åáì ÇáãÓÊæØäÇÊ ÇáÍÖÑíÉ¡ ÈãÇ Ýí Ðáß ãäÇØÞåÇ ÇáÎÖÑÇÁ æãÓÇÍÇÊåÇ ÇáÎÇáíÉ¡ ãÞíÓÉ ÈÇáÃÖæÇÁ ÇááíáíÉ (ÇáãÚÏáÉ). æåæ ãÞÏã ãä ÇáãÔÑæÚ ÇáÚÇáãí áÑÓã ÇáÎÑÇÆØ ÇáÑíÝíÉ – ÇáÍÖÑíÉ¡ ÕíÛÉ "alpha" (GRUMP alpha)¡ ãÑßÒ ÇáÔÈßÉ ÇáÏæáíÉ áãÚáæãÇÊ Úáã ÇáÃÑÖ¡ ÌÇãÚÉ ßæáæãÈíǺ æÇáãÚåÏ ÇáÏæáí áÈÍæË ÇáÓíÇÓÉ ÇáÛÐÇÆíɺ æÇáÈäß ÇáÏæáíº æÇáãÑßÒ ÇáÏæáí ááÒÑÇÚÉ ÇáãÏÇÑíÉ. 2004. æGridded Population of the World, version 3, with Urban Reallocation (GPW-UR). Palisades¡ äíæíæÑß: ãÑßÒ ÇáÈíÇäÇÊ æÇáÊØÈíÞÇÊ ÇáÇÌÊãÇÚíÉ – ÇáÇÞÊÕÇÏíÉ¡ ÌÇãÚÉ ßæáæãÈíÇ. ÇáãæÞÚ Úáì ÇáÅäÊÑäÊ:
http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw¡ ÈÇáÑÌæÚ Åáíå ÂÎÑ ãÑÉ Ýí 14 ÔÈÇØ/ÝÈÑÇíÑ 2007. æãä Ëã Ýåæ ãÎÊáÝ Úä ÇáÃÑÞÇã ÇáãÊÚáÞÉ ÈÇáßËÇÝÉ ÇáÍÖÑíÉ æÇáãÞÏãÉ ãä ÏÑÇÓÉ ÃÌÑÇåÇ: Angel, S., S. C. Sheppard, and D. L. Civco (2005¡ Õ 1). ÊÔíÑ ÝÍÓÈ Åáì ãäÇØÞ ÇáÚãÑÇä Ýí ÇáãÏä ÇáÊí íÞØäåÇ 000 100 ÔÎÕ Úáì ÇáÃÞá. |
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áã íõæÖÚ ÊÚÑíÝ æÇÖÍ æãÊÝÞ Úáíå áãÝåæã "ÇáÇãÊÏÇÏ ÇáÍÖÑí". æáßä Ýí ÇáããÇÑÓÉ ÇáÚãáíÉ íãËá ãÊæÓØ ÇáßËÇÝÇÊ ÇáÍÖÑíÉ ãÄÔÑÇð ãæÌÒÇð ÌíÏÇð ááÇãÊÏÇÏ. æÌãíÚ ÇáÚãáíÇÊ ÊÓÝÑ Úä ÝæÇÑÞ ßÈíÑÉ Èíä ÇáãÏä ÇáãÎÊáÝÉ¡ Úáì ÇáÑÛã ãä ÇÎÊáÇÝ ãÞÇííÓ æãÄÔÑÇÊ "ÇáÇãÊÏÇÏ" ÇáãÓÊÎÏãÉ. (ÇäÙÑ: Lopez, R., and H. P. Hynes. 2003. “Sprawl in the 1990s: Measurement, Distribution, and Trends.” Urban Affairs Review 38(3): 325-355. Cited in: “Urban Sprawl and Sustainable Cities: A Review,” p. 5, by D. J. Hogan and R. Ojima. 2006. ãÓæÏÉ æÑÞÉ ÃÚÏÊ ãä ÃÌá åÐÇ ÇáÊÞÑíÑ. |
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| 9- |
Angel, Sheppard, and Civco 2005¡ ÇáÕÝÍÊÇä 1 æ 2. æÞÏ íßæä åÐÇ Ýí ÍÞíÞÉ ÇáÃãÑ ÊÞÏíÑÇð ãäÎÝÖÇð ááßËÇÝÇÊ ÇáãÊÏäíÉ. æÝí ÇáæáÇíÇÊ ÇáãÊÍÏÉ¡ Úáì ÇáÃÞá¡ æÌÏÊ ÏÑÇÓÉ ÔãáÊ 282 ãäØÞÉ ãÊÑæÈæáíÉ Ãä äãæ ãÓÇÍÉ ÇáÃÑÇÖí ÞÏ ÝÇÞ Ýí ÓÑÚÊå Çáäãæ ÇáÓßÇäí ÈãÞÏÇÑ ÇËäíä Åáì æÇÍÏ (ãÐßæÑ Ýí: Hogan and Ojima 2006¡ Õ 3). |
| 10- |
Angel, Sheppard, and Civco 2005¡ ÇáÕÝÍÊÇä 1 æ 2. |
| 11- |
Hogan and Ojima 2006¡ ÇáÕÝÍÉ 6. |
| 12- |
Arbury, J. n.d. “From Urban Sprawl to Compact City: An Analysis of Urban Growth Management in Auckland.” Master’s Thesis. Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland. Website:
http://portal.jarbury.net/thesis.¡ ÈÇáÑÌæÚ Åáíå Ýí 18 Ãíáæá/ÓÈÊãÈÑ 2006. |
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ÇáãÑÌÚ äÝÓå¡ Õ 21. |
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Monte Mor, R. L. 2006. “O que é o urbano no mundo contemporâneo,” p. 11. ..Texto para Discussão, UFMG/Cedeplar, Belo Horizonte. ÇáãæÞÚ Úáì ÇáÅäÊÑäÊ:
www.cedeplar.ufmg.br¡ ÈÇáÑÌæÚ Åáíå ÂÎÑ ãÑÉ Ýí 18 ßÇäæä ÇáÃæá/ÏíÓãÈÑ 2006. æãÓÊÔåÏ Èå Ýí: Hogan and Ojima 2006¡ Õ 16. |
| 15- |
Richardson, H. W., and C.-H. C. Bae (eds.). 2004. Urban Sprawl in Western Europe and the United States. Aldershot, United Kingdom: Ashgate. Cited in: Hogan and Ojima 2006, p. 3. |
| 16- |
Pumain, D. 2004. “Urban Sprawl: Is There a French Case? Pp. 137-157 in: Richardson and Bae 2004. |
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Munoz, F. 2003. “Lock Living: Urban Sprawl in Mediterranean Cities.” Cities 20(6): 381-385. Cited in: Hogan and Ojima 2006, p. 8. |
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Roca, J., M. C. Burns, and J. M. Carreras. 2004. “Monitoring Urban Sprawl around Barcelona’s Metropolitan Area with the Aid of Satellite Imagery.” Paper prepared for the 20th ISPRS Congress¡ ÅÓÊäÈæá¡ ÇááÌäÉ ÇáÃæáì¡ ÊÑßíÇ¡ 21-23 ÊãæÒ/íæáíå 2004. ÅÓÊäÈæá¡ ÊÑßíÇ: ÇáÌãÚíÉ ÇáÏæáíÉ ááÊÕæíÑ ÇáãÓÇÍí ÇáÖæÆí æÇáÇÓÊÔÚÇÑ Úä ÈÚϺ æ Munoz 2003. æßáÇåãÇ ãÓÊÔåÏ ÈåãÇ Ýí: Hogan and Ojima 2006¡ Õ 8. |
| 19- |
ãÏíäÉ ÇáÑÈ “Cidade de Deus” Ýí Ñíæ Ïí ÌÇäíÑæ¡ ÇáÊí ÃßÓÈåÇ ÔåÑÉ Ýíáã íÍãá äÝÓ ÇáÇÓã¡ ÃÞíãÊ ÚäÏãÇ äÞá ÓßÇä ãäÇØÞ ÚÔæÇÆíÉ ãæÞÚåÇ ÌíÏ Åáì ãÓÊæØäÉ ÌÏíÏÉ Ýí ÖæÇÍí ÇáãÏíäÉ ááÊãßíä ãä ÅÞÇãÉ ÔÞÞ ÓßäíÉ Ýí ÈäÇíÇÊ ÔÇåÞÉ ãä ÃÌá ÇáÃËÑíÇÁ Ýí ÃãÇßä Êáß ÇáãäÇØÞ ÇáÚÔæÇÆíÉ ÇáÃÕáíÉ. |
| 20- |
Hogan and Ojima 2006¡ Õ 8. |
| 21- |
ÇÓÊÝÇÏ åÐÇ ÇáÞÓã æÇáÞÓã ÇáÊÇáí áå ÇÓÊÝÇÏÉ ßÈíÑÉ ãä: Tacoli, C. 2006. “A Note on Sprawl and Peri-urbanization” . ãÓæÏÉ æÑÞÉ ÃÚÏÊ ãä ÃÌá åÐÇ ÇáÊÞÑíÑ. |
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Allen, A. 2003. “Environmental Planning and Management of the Peri-urban Interface: Perspectives on an Emerging Field,” p. 136. Environment and Urbanization 15(1): 135-148; Simon, D., D. McGregor, and K. Nsiah-Gyabaah. 2004. “The Changing Urban–rural Interface of African Cities: Definitional Issues and an Application to Kumasi, Ghana,” p. 235. Environment and Urbanization 16(2): 235-248; and Parkinson, J., and K. Tayler. 2003. “Decentralized Wastewater Management in Peri-urban Areas in Low-income Countries,” p. 75. Environment and Urbanization 15(1): 75-90. |
| 23- |
ÇáÇÓÊÑÇÊíÌíÇÊ ÇáãÊÚãÏÉ áÊÑß ÇáÃÑÇÖí ÎÇáíÉ ÈíäãÇ ÊÞÊÑÈ ãäåÇ ÇáÈäíÉ ÇáÊÍÊíÉ ÇáÍÖÑíÉ æÊÒíÏ ÞíãÊåÇ "... ÞÏ Êßæä ÙÇåÑÉ ãáãæÓÉ ÈÏÑÌÉ ÃßÈÑ Ýí ÇáÈáÏÇä ÇáäÇãíÉ ÇáÊí ÊÄÏí ÝíåÇ ÚãáíÇÊ ÊÞÓíã ÇáãäÇØÞ¡ æÇáåíÇßá ÇáÖÑíÈíÉ¡ ÚÏã æÌæÏ ÇÓÊËãÇÑÇÊ ÃßËÑ ÑÈÍíÉ æÃãäÇð Åáì ÒíÇÏÉ ÌÇÐÈíÉ ÇáÇÓÊËãÇÑ Ýí ÇáÃÑÇÖí". – Hogan and Ojima 2006¡ ÇáÕÝÍÊÇä 6 æ 7. |
| 24- |
ÇäÙÑ: ÇááÌäÉ ÇáÚáãíÉ ÇáãÚäíÉ ÈãÔÇßá ÇáÈíÆÉ. ÈÏæä ÊÇÑíÎ. "ÇáÊÛíÑ ÇáÈíÆí Ýí ÇáãäÇØÞ ÇáÍÖÑíÉ: ãÔÑæÚ A SCOPE ". ÇáãæÞÚ Úáì ÇáÅäÊÑäÊ:
www.scope-uk.ac.uk/projects/PUECHsumOct01.html¡ ÈÇáÑÌæÚ Åáíå ÂÎÑ ãÑÉ Ýí 14 ÔÈÇØ/ÝÈÑÇíÑ 2007. |
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Tacoli, C. 1999. “Understanding the Opportunities and Constraints for Low-Income Groups in the Peri-Urban Interface: The Contribution of Livelihood Frameworks” ¡ Õ 7. ãÓæÏÉ ááãäÇÞÔÉ. áäÏä: Peri-urban Interface Project, Development Planning Unit, University College London. |
| 26- |
Tacoli 2006. |
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Leaf, M. 2002. "ÞÕÉ ÞÑíÊíä: ÇáÚæáãÉ æÇáÊÛíÑ Ýí ÇáãäÇØÞ ÇáãÍíØÉ ÈÇáÍÖÑ Ýí ÇáÕíä æÝííÊ äÇã". Cities 19(1): 23-31. |
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Webster, D. 2002. On the Edge: Shaping the future of Peri-Urban East Asia. æÑÞÉ ãäÇÞÔÉ áãÑßÒ ÈÍæË ÂÓíÇ æÇáãÍíØ ÇáåÇÏÆ. ÓÊÇäÝæÑÏ¡ ßÇáíÝæÑäíÇ: ãÑßÒ ÈÍæË ÂÓíÇ æÇáãÍíØ ÇáåÇÏÆ¡ ÌÇãÚÉ ÓÊÇäÝæÑÏ. |
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Webster, D., et al. 2003. Emerging Third Stage Peri-urbanization: Functional Specialization in the Hangzhou Peri-urban Region. ÓÊÇäÝæÑÏ¡ ßÇáíÝæÑäíÇ: ãÑßÒ ÈÍæË ÂÓíÇ æÇáãÍíØ ÇáåÇÏÆ¡ ÌÇãÚÉ ÓÊÇäÝæÑÏ. |
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Allen 2003¡ Õ 137º æ Ducrot, R. æÂÎÑæä. 2004. “Articulating Land and Water Dynamics with Urbanization: An Attempt to Model Natural Resources Management at the Urban Edge,” p. 87. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 28(1-2): 85-106; and Kombe, W. J. 2005. “Land Use Dynamics in Peri-urban Areas and Their Implications on the Urban Growth and Form: The Case of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,” p. 120. Habitat International 29(1): 113-135. |
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Allen, A., N. da Silva, and E. Corubolo. 1999. “Environmental Problems and Opportunities of the Peri-urban Interface and Their Impact upon the Poor,”. Õ 1. ãÓæÏÉ ááãäÇÞÔÉ. áäÏä: Peri-urban Interface Project, Development Planning Unit, University College London; and Simon, McGregor, and Nsiah-Gyabaah 2004¡ ÇáÕÝÍÊÇä 238 æ 242. |
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Rostam, K. 1997. "Industrial Expansion, Employment Changes and Urbanization in the Peri-urban Areas of Klang-Langat Valley, Malaysia.” Asian-Profile 25(4): 303-315. |
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“Activities typically undertaken outside the urban boundaries include disposal of solid wastes in landfills and sewage in surface water, quarries for construction materials, timber for firewood and construction, etc.” — Tacoli, C. 27 ÊÔÑíä ÇáËÇäí/äæÝãÈÑ 2006. ÇÊÕÇá ÔÎÕí. |
| 34- |
Parkinson and Tayler 2003¡ Õ 75º æ Kombe 2005¡ Õ 114. |
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Tacoli 1999, p. 7. |
| 36- |
ÇäÙÑ: “environmental transition” concept outlined by: McGranahan, G., et al. 2001. The Citizens at Risk: From Urban Sanitation to Sustainable Cities. London: Earthscan. |
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Songsore, J., and G. McGranahan. 1998. “The Political Economy of Household Environmental Management: Gender, Environment, and Epidemiology in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area.” World Development 26(3): 395-412. |
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Arbuy n.d. |
| 39- |
ÇáãÑÌÚ äÝÓå. |
| 40- |
Hogan and Ojima 2006, p. 18. |
| 41- |
ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ 2006. ÊäÝíÐ äÊÇÆÌ ãÄÊãÑ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ÇáãÚäí ÈÇáãÓÊæØäÇÊ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ (ÇáãæÆá ÇáËÇäí) æÊÚÒíÒ ÈÑäÇãÌ ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ ááãÓÊæØäÇÊ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ (ãæÆá ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ): ÊÞÑíÑ ÇáÃãíä ÇáÚÇã (A/61/262)¡ ÇáÕÝÍÉ 26 (Ï). äíæíæÑß: ÇáÃãã ÇáãÊÍÏÉ. |
| 42- |
Angel, Sheppard, and Civco 2005, pp. 11-13. |
| 43- |
ÇáãÑÌÚ äÝÓå¡ ÇáÕÝÍÊÇä 91 æ 95. |
| 44- |
ÇáãÑÌÚ äÝÓå¡ Õ 101. |
| 45- |
ÇáãÑÌÚ äÝÓå¡ Õ 101. æåÐå ÇáÇÓÊÚÏÇÏÇÊ ãä ÔÃäåÇ Ãä ÊÔãá: ÇáÍÕæá Úáì ÇáÃÑÇÖí ÇáÚÇãÉ æÍÞæÞ ÇáØÑíÞ ÇáÚÇãÉ ÇááÇÒã áÎÏãÉ Çáäãæ ÇáÍÖÑí Ýí ÇáãÓÊÞÈẠæÍãÇíÉ ÇáÃÑÇÖí ÇáÍÓÇÓÉ ãä ÇáÈäÇÁ¡ æÇáÇÓÊËãÇÑ Ýí ÇáÈäíÉ ÇáÊÍÊíÉ ÇáÏäíÇ ãä ÞÈíá ÔÑßÇÊ ÇáäÞá¡ æÔÈßÇÊ ÇáÅãÏÇÏ ÈÇáãíÇå¡ æÇáãÌÇÑí¡ æÇáÊÕÑíÝ¡ áÇÓÊíÚÇÈ Çáäãæ. |
| 46- |
Hogan and Ojima 2006¡ Õ 12º æÇáÈÑäÇãÌ ÇáÏæáí ááÃÈÚÇÏ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ ááÊÛíÑ ÇáÚÇáãí. 2005. SciencePlan: Urbanization and Global Environmental Change. ÊÞÑíÑ ÇáÈÑäÇãÌ ÇáÏæáí ááÃÈÚÇÏ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ ááÊÛíÑ ÇáÚÇáãí ÑÞã 15. Èæä¡ ÃáãÇäíÇ: ÇáÈÑäÇãÌ ÇáÏæáí ááÃÈÚÇÏ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ ááÊÛíÑ ÇáÚÇáãí. |
| 47- |
Tacoli 2006. |
| 48- |
Hogan and Ojima 2006¡ ÇáÕÝÍÊÇä 7 æ 16. |
| 49- |
ÇäÙÑ ÃíÖÇð: ÇáÈäß ÇáÏæáí. 2000. Cities in Transition. World Bank Urban and Local Government Strategy¡ Õ 105. æÇÔäØä¡ ÇáÚÇÕãÉ: ÇáÈäß ÇáÏæáí. æÊÞÊÑÍ åÐå ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ ÇÓÊÎÏÇã ãÕØáÍ “commutershed” ááÅÔÇÑÉ Åáì ãäØÞÉ ÇÞÊÕÇÏíÉ ãÍÏÏÉ ÐÇÊíÇð ÊãËá ÇÞÊÕÇÏÇð ãÍáíÇð æÏæä ÅÞáíãí ãÚíäÇð Ýí ÃÐåÇä ÇáãÔÇÑßíä ÝíåÇ. |
