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Notes
1. Floro, M. 2001. "Gender Dimensions of the
Financing for Development Agenda."
Working paper prepared for the United
Nations Development Fund for Women
(UNIFEM) in preparation for the 2002
United Nations Conference on Financing for
Development (FfD). New York: UNIFEM.
2. Sen, A. 1998. "Mortality as an Indicator of
Economic Success and Failure." Economic
Journal 108(446): 1-25.
3. Eastwood, R., and M. Lipton. 2001.
"Demographic Transition and Poverty:
Effects via Economic Growth, Distribution
and Conversion," p. 235. Ch. 9 in: Population
Matters: Demographic Change, Economic
Growth, and Poverty in the Developing
World, edited by N. Birdsall, A. C. Kelley,
and S.W. Sinding. 2001. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
4. Buvinic, M., and G. R. Gupta. 1997. "Female-
Headed Households and Female-Maintained
Families: Are They Worth Targeting to
Reduce Poverty in Developing Countries?"
Economic Development and Cultural Change
45(2): 259-280; and Quisumbing, A. R.,
L. Haddad, and C. Peņa. 2001. "Are Women
Overrepresented Among the Poor? An
Analysis of Poverty in Ten Developing Countries."
Journal of Development Economics
66(1): 225-269.
5. For an analysis using this approach, see:
Quisumbing, Haddad, and Peņa 2001. See
also: Razavi, S. 1999. "Gendered Poverty and
Well Being: Introduction." Development and
Change 30(3): 409-433; and Fukuda-Parr,
S. 1999. "What Does Feminization of Poverty
Mean? It Isn't Just Lack of Income." Feminist
Economics 5(2): 99-103.
6 See: UNIFEM. 2000. Progress of the World's
Women 2000: UNIFEM Biennial Report.
New York: UNIFEM.
7. Building on work by: Kishor, S. (1999.
"Women's Empowerment and Contraceptive
Use in Egypt." Paper presented at the Annual
Meeting of the Population Association of
America, 24-27 March 1999, New York, New
York; and 2000. "Empowerment of Women
in Egypt and Links to the Survival and
Health of their Infants." Ch. 6 in: Women's
Empowerment and Demographic Processes:
Moving Beyond Cairo, edited by H. B.
Presser and G. Sen. 2000. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.) and Smith, L. C., et al.
(2001. "The Importance of Women's Status
for Child Nutrition in Developing Countries."
Draft research report. Washington, D.C.:
International Food Policy Research Institute.)
using Demographic and Health Survey data.
8. Humana, C. 1986.World Human Rights
Guide, 2nd Edition. London: Hodder and
Stoughton; and Humana, C. 1992. World
Human Rights Guide, 3rd Edition. New York:
Oxford University Press. The discussion of
the Humana index is drawn from: The World
Bank. 2001a. Engendering Development
Through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources,
and Voice. World Bank Policy Research
Report. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
9. Kishor, S. 1996. Status of Women: Indicators
for Twenty Five Countries. DHS Comparative
Study Series. No. 21. Calverton, Maryland:
Macro International
10. Floro 2001.
11. UNDP. 1999. Human Development Report
1999: Globalization with a Human Face,
Table 27. New York. Oxford University Press.
12. Floro, M. S. 1995. "Women's Well-Being,
Poverty, and Work Intensity." Feminist
Economics 1(3): 1-25.
_
13 UNDP. 1995. Human Development Report
1995: Gender and Development. New York:
Oxford University Press.
14. See, for example: Juster, F. T., and F. P.
Stafford. 1991. "The Allocation of Time:
Empirical Findings, Behavioural Models, and
Problems of Measurement." Journal of Economic
Literature 29(2): 471-522; McGuire,
J., and B. Popkin. 1990. Helping Women
Improve Nutrition in the Developing World:
Beating the Zero Sum Game. World Bank
Technical Paper. No. 114. Washington, D.C.:
The World Bank; and Brown, L. R., and L.
Haddad. 1995. "Time Allocation Patterns
and Time Burdens: A Gendered Analysis of
Seven Countries." Paper. Washington, D.C.:
International Food Policy Research Institute.
15. Women's Environment and Development
Organization. 1999. A Gender Agenda for
the World Trade Organization: A WEDO
Primer. November 1999. New York: Women's
Environment and Development Organization.
16. The World Bank. 2001a.
17. On the other hand, if young women take
paid work to help finance the cost of
marriage, parents may see this as helping
the husband's family more than their own,
further undercutting their motivation.
This may be offset by daughters' ability to
support their parents in old age.
18. Floro 2001.
19. Ibid
20. Klasen, S. 1999. "Does Gender Inequality
Reduce Growth and Development? Evidence
from Cross-Country Regressions." Working
Paper. No. 7. For: The World Bank 2001a.
(Background paper available at: http://
www.worldbank.org/gender/prr/wp7.pdf.)
21. Based on simulations from African data
(Quisumbing, A.R. 1996. "Male-Female Differences
in Agricultural Productivity: Methodological
Issues and Empirical Evidence."
World Development 24[10]: 1579-1595; and
Alderman, H., et al. 1995. "Gender Differentials
in Farm Productivity: Implications for
Household Efficiency and Agricultural Policy."
Food Consumption and Nutrition Division
Discussion Paper. No. 6. Washington, D.C.:
International Food Policy Research Institute.)
22. The World Bank. 2001b. World Development
Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty.
Washington, D.C.: The World Bank and
Oxford University Press.
23. When the underlying determinants of food
security are considered against data on
child underweight rates from 63 developing
countries from 1970-1995, representing 88
per cent of the developing world's population
(Smith, L C., and L. Haddad. 2000.
Explaining Child Malnutrition in Developing
Countries: A Cross Country Analysis. IFPRI
Research Report. No. 111. Washington, D.C.:
International Food Policy Research Institute.).
24. This discussion draws from: The World Bank
2001a.
25. Klasen 1999. Using data on 100 countries in
1990.
26. Over a longer time period. See: Gatti, R. 1999.
"A Cross-country Analysis of Fertility
Determinants." Washington, D.C.: Development
Research Group, the World Bank.
27. Hill, A., and E. M. King. 1995. "Women's
Education and Economic Well-being."
Feminist Economics 1(2): 1-26.
28. Swamy, A. et al. 2001. "Gender and
Corruption." Journal of Development
Economics 64(1): 25-55.
29. Joint United Nations Programme on
HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). 2002. Report on the
Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic: July 2002.
Geneva: UNAIDS.
30. United Nations General Assembly Special
Session on AIDS, June 2001; and Mocumbi,
Pascoal. 2001. "A Time for Frankness on AIDS
and Africa." The New York Times. Web site:
http://www.nytimes.com/2001/06//20/
opinion20MOC.html.
31. Plus News. 3 December 2001. Africa:
Interview with Stephen Lewis, UN Special
Envoy. Parts 1 and 2. New York: United
Nations Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs.
32. Gupta, G. R. 2000. Gender,Sexuality and
HIV/AIDS:The What, the Why and the How.
Plenary Address at the XIIIth International
Conference on AIDS, 9-14 June 2000,
Durban, South Africa. Washington, D.C.:
International Center for Research on Women.
33. Thompson, D. 2002. Coordinates 2002:
Charting Progress against AIDS, Tuberculosis
and Malaria, p. 14. Geneva: WHO.
34. UNAIDS. 2000. Report on the Global
HIV/AIDS Epidemic: June 2000, p. 11.
Geneva: UNAIDS.
35. UNIFEM. Women are Key to Ending
HIV/AIDS. Critical Issues 2001. New York:
UNIFEM.
36. Maman, S. et al. 1999. "Women's Barriers
to HIV Testing and Disclosure: Challenges
for Voluntary Counseling and Testing."
Presentation at the Xith International
Conference on AIDS and STDs in Africa,
15-16 September 1999, Lusaka, Zambia.
Cited in: Gupta 2000.
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