|
Table 1: Gender Violence throughout a Woman's
Life
|
Phase
|
Type of Violence
|
|
| Prenatal |
Sex-selective abortions, battering during pregnancy, coerced
pregnancy (rape during war) |
|
| Infancy |
Female infanticide, emotional and physical abuse, differential
access to food and medical care |
|
| Childhood |
Genital mutilation; incest and sexual abuse; differential
access to food, medical care, and education; child prostitution |
|
| Adolescence |
Dating and courtship violence, economically coerced sex,
sexual abuse in the workplace, rape, sexual harassment, forced
prostitution |
|
| Reproductive |
Abuse of women by intimate partners, marital rape, dowry
abuse and murders, partner homicide, psychological abuse,
sexual abuse in the workplace, sexual harassment, rape, abuse
of women with disabilities |
|
| Old Age |
Abuse of widows, elder abuse (which affects mostly women) |
|
| Source: Heise, L. 1994. Violence Against Women: The Hidden Health Burden. World Bank Discussion Paper. Washington. D.C.:
The World Bank. |
Table 2: Gender Equality Index
|
Area of life concern
|
Indicator(s)
|
|
|
|
Autonomy of the body
|
- Legal protection against and incidence of gender-based violence
- Control over sexuality
- Control over reproduction
|
|
|
Autonomy within the family and household
|
- Freedom to marry and divorce
- Right to custody of children in case of divorce
- Decision-making power and access to assets within the household
|
|
|
Political power
|
- Decision-making in supra-household levels (municipalities,
unions, government, parliament)
- Proportion of women in high managerial positions
|
|
|
Social resources
|
- Access to health
- Access to education
|
|
|
Material resources
|
- Access to land
- Access to houses
- Access to credit
|
|
|
Employment and income
|
- Distribution of paid and unpaid labour
- Wage differentials for men and women
- Division of formal and informal labour by gender
|
|
|
Time
|
- Relative access to leisure and sleep
|
|
|
Gender identity
|
- Rigidity of sexual division of labour
|
|
|
Source: Wieringa, Saskia. 1999. "Women's Empowerment in Japan:
Towards an Alternative Index on Gender Equality." Paper presented
at the First Global Forum on Human Development, sponsored
by the Human Development Report Office, United Nations Development
Programme, New York, 29-31 July 1999.
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