N O T E S
CHAPTER 3
1. World Health Organization and United Nations
Children’s Fund. 1996. Revised 1990 Estimates of Maternal
Mortality (WHO/FRH/MSM/96.11 and UNICEF/PLN/96.1). Geneva: World
Health Organization and New York: United Nations Children’s
Fund.
2. World Health Organization. 1998a. "Global
and Regional Estimates of Incidence of Mortality Due to Unsafe Abortion
with a Listing of Available Country Data" (WHO/RHT/MSM/97.16).
Geneva: World Health Organization.
3. This chapter is based primarily on a 1998 UNFPA
field enquiry with responses from 114 countries and on country case
studies conducted in 22 countries in Asia (Bangladesh, Pakistan,
Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and the Philippines), Africa
(Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Senegal, South Africa,
Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia), the Near East (Jordan, Egypt, and
Morocco) and Latin America and the Caribbean (Brazil, Jamaica, Mexico
and Peru) by UNFPA, the Futures Group Policy Project, the Population
Reference Bureau, Family Care International and the Center for International
Cooperation, New York University. Hardee, K., et al. 1998. Post-Cairo
Reproductive Health Policies and Programs: A Comparative Study of
Eight Countries. Policy Occasional Working Paper 2. Washington,
D.C.: The Futures Group International; Ashford, L., and C. Makinson.
1999. Reproductive Health in Policy and Practice. Washington,
DC: Population Reference Bureau; Family Care International. 1998a.
Implementation of ICPD Commitments on Women’s Reproductive
and Sexual Health: A Report of Four African Countries. New York:
Family Care International; Family Care International. 1998b. Implementation
of ICPD Commitments on Women’s Reproductive and Sexual Health:
A South Asia Report. New York: Family Care International; and
Forman, S., and R. Ghosh. 1999. Paying for Essentials: The Reproductive
Health Approach to Population and Development. Policy Paper
Series. New York: Center on International Cooperation, New York
University.
4. UNFPA. 1998a. Ensuring Reproductive Rights
and Implementing Sexual and Reproductive Health Programmes Including
Women’s Empowerment, Male Involvement and Human Rights.
Report of the Expert Round Table Meeting, Kampala, Uganda, 22-25
June 1998. New York: UNFPA; and UNFPA. 1999a. Report of the International
Forum for the Operational Review and Appraisal of the Implementation
of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population
and Development, The Hague, Netherlands, 8-12 February 1999.
New York: UNFPA. These reports are available on UNFPA’s Web
site: <www.unfpa.org>.
5. Weighted by the number of married women of reproductive
age. This estimation was made for 1990-1995. United Nations. 1998a.
World Population Monitoring 1996. Selected Aspects of
Reproductive Rights and Reproductive Health. New York: Population
Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations.
6. Barnett, B., and J. Stein. 1998. Women’s
Voices, Women’s Lives: The Impact of Family Planning. Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina: Family Health International.
7. UNFPA. 1998b. Donor Support for Contraceptive Commodities 1996.
New York: UNFPA.
8. Includes UNICEF, UNFPA, the World Bank, WHO, IPPF and the Population
Council.
9. Starrs, A. 1998. The Safe Motherhood Action
Agenda: Priorities for the Next Decade. Report on the Safe Motherhood
Technical Meeting, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 18-23 October, 1997. New
York: Family Care International; and Maine, D., and A. Rosenfield.
1999. "The Safe Motherhood Initiative: Why Has It Stalled?"
American Journal of Public Health (89)4: 480-482.
10. Pathak, Laxmi Raj, et al. 1998. Maternal
Mortality and Morbidity Study. Kathmandu, Nepal: Family Health
Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health, His
Majesty’s Government of Nepal.
11. United Nations. 1999a. World Abortion Policies 1999 (Sales No.
E.99.XIII.5). New York. United Nations.
12. Rahman, A., L. Katzive, and S.K. Henshaw. 1998.
"A Global Review of Laws on Induced Abortion." International
Family Planning Perspectives 24(2):
56-64. The study looked at 152 nations and independent territories with a population of 1
million or more.
13. Westoff, C.W., et al. 1998. Replacement of Abortion by
Contraception in Three Central Asian Republics: Final Study Report. Calverton,
Maryland: Macro International Inc. and Washington, D.C.: Policy Project.
14. Ardayfio, Rosemary. 1999. "Midwives to
the Rescue." People and the Planet. 8(1). Web site:
<www.oneworld.org/patp/>.
15. Family Care International 1998b.
16. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
(UNAIDS). 1997. Impact of HIV and Sexual Health Education on
the Sexual Behaviour of Young People: A Review Update (UNAIDS/97.4).
A Best Practice Collection. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme
on HIV/AIDS.
17. Shongwe, T. 1998. "The Swaziland Schools
HIV/AIDS and Population Education (SPAPE) Programme." In Confounding
the Critics: Cairo, Five Years On: Conference Report: Cocoyoc, Morelos,
Mexico, 15-18 November 1998, by HERA: Health, Empowerment, Rights
and Accountability. 1998. New York: International Women’s Health
Coalition.
18. UNFPA. 1999. A Five-Year Review of Progress
towards the Implementation of the Programme of Action of the International
Conference on Population and Development. Background paper prepared
for The Hague Forum, The Hague, Netherlands, 8-12 February 1999.
New York: UNFPA; and UNFPA. 1998c. AIDS Update 1998. New
York: UNFPA.
19. United Nations. 1994. Report of the International
Conference on Population and Development (Cairo, 5-13 September
1994) (A/Conf. 171/13), paragraph 4.22. New York: United Nations.
20. Center for Reproductive Law and Policy. 1999.
Female Circumcision/Female Genital Mutilation: Global Laws and
Policies Towards Elimination. New York: Center for Reproductive
Law and Policy. Web site: <www.clrp.org>.
21. Sadasivam, B. 1999. Risks, Rights and Reforms:
A 50-Country Survey Assessing Government Actions Five Years after
the International Conference on Population and Development.
New York: Women’s Environment and Development Organization.
22. UNFPA. 1997a. United Nations Population
Fund: Proposed Projects and Programmes: Recommendation by the Executive
Director: Assistance to the Government of China (DP/FPA/CP/196).
Third Regular Session 1997 of the Executive Board of the United
Nations Development Programme and of the United Nations Population
Fund. New York: UNFPA.
23. UNFPA. 1997b. The State of the World Population
1997. The Right to Choose: Reproductive Rights and Reproductive
Health. New York: UNFPA.
24. Merrick, T. (Forthcoming.) "Delivering
Reproductive Health Services in Health Reform Settings: Challenges
and Opportunities." Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Web site:
<www.worldbank.org>.
25. Sadasivam 1999.
26. Askew, I., G. Fassihian, and N. Maggwa. 1998.
"Integrating STI and HIV/AIDS Services at MCH/Family Planning
Clinics." In Clinic-Based Family Planning and Reproductive
Health Services in Africa: Findings from Situation Analysis Studies,
edited by K. Miller, et al. 1998. New York: The Population
Council.
27. Family Care International. 1998c. Implementation
of ICPD Commitments on Women’s Reproductive and Sexual Health:
Zambia Country Report. New York: Family Care International.
28. Family Care International. 1998d. Implementation
of ICPD Commitments on Women’s Reproductive and Sexual Health:
Sri Lanka Country Report. New York: Family Care International.
29. Source: Hardee, et al. 1998.
30. Bruce, J. 1990. "Fundamental Elements
of Quality of Care: A Simple Framework." Studies in Family
Planning 21(2): 61-91.
31. Kols, A.J., and J.E. Sherman. 1998. Family
Planning Programs: Improving Quality. Population Reports. Series
J. No. 47. Baltimore, Maryland: Population Information Program,
Johns Hopkins University.
32. McFarlane, C., et al. 1996. "The Quality
of Jamaica Public Sector and NGO Family Planning Services: Perspectives
of Providers and Clients." Final Study Report; Ndhlovu, l.
1995. Quality of Care in Family Planning Service Delivery in
Kenya: Clients’ and Providers’ Perspectives. Final
Report. Nairobi: Ministry of Health and Population Council; and
Tavrow, P., D. Namate, and N. Mpemba. 1995. "Quality of Care:
An Assessment of Family Planning Providers Attitudes and Client-Provider
Interactions in Malawi." Unpublished paper.
33. Ashford and Makinson 1999.
34. Gorishti, E., and J. Haffey. ND. "‘We
Want to Know Everything About It’: Albanian Women Speak About
Family Planning." Arlington, Virginia: John Snow, Inc. SEATS
II.
35. Barnett and Stein 1998.
36. Mroz, T.A., et al. 1999. "Quality, Accessibility
and Contraceptive Use in Rural Tanzania." Demography 36(1):
23-40.
37. Schuler, S., and Z. Hossain. 1998. "Family
Planning Clinics Through Women’s Eyes and Voices: A Case Study
from Rural Bangladesh." International Family Planning Perspectives
24(4): 171.
38. Haberland, N., et al. 1998. "Unutilized
Capacity and Missed Opportunities in Family Planning Services."
In Miller et al. 1998.
39. Sathar, Z.A., and J.B. Casterline. 1998. "The
Onset of Fertility Transition in Pakistan." Population and
Development Review 24(4): 773-796. New York: The Population
Council.
40. Haberland et al. 1998.
41. Kols and Sherman 1998.
42. Ibid.
43. Lynam, P.F., L.M. Rabinowitz, and M. Shobowale.
1993. "Using Self-Assessment to Improve the Quality of Family
Planning Clinic Services." Studies in Family Planning 24(4):
252-260.
44. Murphy, E.M., and C. Steele. 1997. "Client-Provider
Interactions (CPI) In Family Planning Services." In Recommendations
for Updating Selected Practices in Contraceptive Use, vol. 1,
by Technical Guidelines / Competence Working Group, USAID. 1997.
Chapel Hill, North Carolina: INTRAH.
45. El Gebaly, H., et al. 1998. "Egypt’s
Gold Star Program: Improving Care and Raising Expectations."
In Kols and Sherman 1998, pp. 20-21.
46. McCauley, A.P., and C. Salter. 1995. "Meeting
the Needs of Young Adults." Population Reports. Series
J. No. 41. Baltimore, Maryland: Population Information Program,
Johns Hopkins University.
47. An excellent source book of practical advice
and case examples concerning health communications in the area of
reproductive health is: Piotrow, Phyllis Tilson, et al. 1997. Health
Communication: Lessons from Family Planning and Reproductive Health.
Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Press (published under the auspices
of the Center for Communications Programs, Johns Hopkins School
of Public Health).
48. Buffington, S. deCastro. 1995. "A Framework
for Establishing Integrated Reproductive Health Training."
Advances in Contraception 11: 317-324.
49. Kols and Sherman 1998.
50. Bianco, M. 1998. "Monitoring Implementation
of the Cairo Programme of Action As A Women’s Citizenship Practice
in Five Latin American Countries." In Confounding the Critics:
Cairo, Five Years On: Conference Report: Cocoyoc, Morelos, Mexico,
15-18 November 1998, by HERA: Health, Empowerment, Rights and
Accountability. 1998. New York: International Women’s Health
Coalition.
51. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
(UNAIDS) 1997.
52. Barnett, B. 1997. "Gender Norms Affect
Adolescents." Network 17(3): 10-13.
53. Mensch, B.S., J. Bruce, and M.E. Greene. 1998. The Uncharted
Passage: Girls’ Adolescence in the Developing World. New York: The Population
Council.
54. Ngwana, A., and A. Akwi-Ogojo. 1996. Adolescent
Reproductive Health Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington,
D.C.: Center for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA).
55. Source: Barnett and Stein 1998.
56. Barnett, B. 1997. "Education Protects
Health, Delays Sex." Network 17(3): 14-15, 18-20.
57. Gorishti, E., and J. Haffey. ND. "’We
Want to Know Everything About It.’ Romanian Women Speak About
Family Planning." Arlington, Virginia: John Snow Inc. SEATS
II.
58. McCauley and Salter 1995.
59. Hughes, J., and A.P. McCauley. 1998. "Improving
the Fit: Adolescents’ Needs and Future Programmes for Sexual
and Reproductive Health in Developing Countries." Studies
in Family Planning 29(2). 238-239.
60. Barnett and Stein 1998; and Schuler and Hossain 1998.
61. Barnett and Stein 1998.
62. For example, in the Central Asian republics
in 1998, UNFPA and the Economic Cooperation Organization organized
a conference on male involvement. Participating countries developed
an action programme for increasing the role of men in reproductive
health programmes. UNFPA. (Forthcoming.). ECO/UNFPA Conference on
the Role of Men in Population and Reproductive health Programmes,
Baku, Azerbaijan, 21-24 September 1998.
63. Ndong, I., et al. 1998. "Men’s Reproductive
Health: Defining, Designing and Delivering Services." International
Family Planning Perspectives 25 (Supplement): S53-S55.
64. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees. 1998. Refugees and Others of Concern to UNHCR:
1997 Statistical Overview. Geneva: Office of the United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees.
65. Partner NGOs include CARE International, the
International Rescue Committee, John Snow Inc., Marie Stopes International
and the Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children.
66. UNFPA. 8 April 1998. "Emergency Reproductive
Health Kits en Route to Kosovo Refugees." Press release. New
York: UNFPA; and UNFPA. 9 April 1998. "Lives of Mothers and
Newborns at Risk in Kosovo Crisis." New York: UNFPA.
67. UNFPA. 25 May 1999. "UNFPA Report Finds
Incidences of Rape and Abduction Among Kosovo Refugees: Women Want
to Speak Out." New York: UNFPA.
68. See: Office of the United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees’ Web site <www.unhcr.ch>.
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