N O T E S
CHAPTER 1
1. Murray, Christopher J. L., and Alan D. Lopez (eds.).
1996. The Global Burden of Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and
Disability from Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020.
Published by the Harvard School of Public Health on behalf of the World Health
Organization and the World Bank. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2. United Nations Development Programme. 1998. Human
Development Report 1998. New York and London: Oxford University Press.
3. See, for example: Sanderson, Warren. 1994.
"Simulation Models of Demographic, Economic, and Environmental Interactions." In
Population, Development, Environment: Understanding Their Interactions in Mauritius,
edited by Wolfgang Lutz, et al. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Recent evidence suggests that sea
level fluctuations associated with past cycles of Ice Ages took place only within decades
and that the Antarctic climate is currently undergoing unexpectedly rapid change. See:
Stevens, William K. 7 July 1998. "Catastrophic Melting ofIce Sheet is Possible,
Studies Hint." The New York Times; and Stevens, William K. 16 February 1999.
"In Ancient Ice Ages, Clues to Climate." The New York Times.
4. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that some 50 million people around the world might
legitimately be described as victims of forced displacement: around 22 million who are of
direct concern to UNHCR (refugees, people who are stateless or whose nationality is
disputed, and some internally displaced people), an additional 20 million internally
displaced people for whom the organization has no responsibility, and around 3 million
Palestinian refugees who are assisted by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for
Palestine Refugees in the Near East. Figures from UNHCR Web site: <www.unhcr.ch>.
5. The emerging consensus on the important role of
demographic factors in economic development is summarized in the report of the Symposium
on Population Change and Economic Development, 2-6 November 1999, held in Bellagio, Italy
and sponsored by the Rockefeller and Packard Foundations. The dynamics were discussed at
length in: UNFPA. 1998a. The State of World Population 1998: The New Generations.
New York: UNFPA.
6. UNFPA. 1999a. Southeast Asian Populations in
Crisis: Challenges to the Implementation of the ICPD Programme of Action. New York: UNFPA.
7. The effect of education of parents (and
particularly of mothers) on fertility has long been established in demographic social
research (A recent review can be found in: Bledsoe, Caroline, et al. 1999. Critical
Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Committee on
Population, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research
Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.). Results on the relation to
children’s schooling are reported in: Montgomery, Mark R., Mary Arends-Kuenning, and
Cem Mete. 1999. The Quantity-Quality Transition in Asia. Policy and Research
Division, Working Paper 123. New York: The Population Council.
8. See: Mroz, Thomas A., et al. 1999. "Quality,
Accessibility, and Contraceptive Use in Rural Tanzania." Demography 36(1):
23-40.
9. Wall, L. 1998. "The Social Context of Maternal
Morbidity and Mortality Among the Hausa of Northern Nigeria." Studies in Family
Planning 29(4): 343. New York: The Population Council.
10. UNFPA. 1998b. Report of the Round Table on
Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Rights: Key Future Actions. New York: UNFPA.
11. Data on prevalence increases among injecting
drug users and other high-risk behaviour populations are reported in: The World Bank.
1997. Confronting AIDS: Public Priorities in a Global Epidemic, chapter 2. New
York: Oxford University Press. Simulations show that increases in prevalence in
populations with unprotected commercial sex and casual sex practitioners develop more
slowly but can still advance from negligible to over 15 per cent prevalence in the general
population within ten years. Studies of social network influences on HIV/AIDS transmission
demonstrate that a general pandemic can develop rapidly in populations with relatively few
women with multiple partners and few high-risk groups when some infected men engage in
relationships concurrently rather than sequentially, and that this may have been the case
in the development of the general pandemic in Uganda (Morris, Martina. 1999. "Sexual
Networks and HIV: The Population Dynamics of Infectious Disease." Presentation at the
Population Council, New York, New York, 4 March 1999).
12. Women-headed households constitute a sizeable and
growing proportion of the poor (United Nations. 1995. The World’s Women: Trends
and Statistics, Second Edition (Sales No. E95/XVI.2). Social Statistics and Indicators
Series K, No. 12. New York: United Nations). Some exaggeration of the growth of
women’s relative deprivation may have entered the discourse (see: Marcoux, Alain.
1998. "The Feminization of Poverty: Claims, Facts, and Data Needs." Population
and Development Review 24(1): 131-139. New York: The Population Council.). However,
data on the poverty of rural women and of older women firmly identify increases in the
proportions of the poor who are women.
13. UNFPA. 1999b. Report of the 1998 UNFPA Field
Inquiry: Progress in the Implementation of the ICPD Programme of Action. New York: UNFPA.
14. UNFPA. 5 June 1998. "Winners of 1998
United Nations Population Award Announced." Press release. New York: UNFPA.
15. An overview of the principles, practice and impact
of communication is found in: Piotrow, Phyllis, et al. 1997. Health Communication:
Lessons from Family Planning and Reproductive Health. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
16. See further: The World Bank. 1998. Assessing Aid.
New York: Oxford University Press.
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